Questions and Answers
What part of the brain is most associated with memory?
Which type of processing emphasizes the importance of sensory stimuli in pattern recognition?
Which of these is an example of a geon?
The phenomenon where you can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it is isolated is known as?
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Which law states that things that are close to each other tend to be grouped together?
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What is a key advantage of fMRI compared to EEG?
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In which type of perception theory do individuals use previous knowledge to interpret stimuli?
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Which part of the brain is primarily associated with emotion?
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What is one of the main criticisms of behaviourism from the 1950s?
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What does the event-related potential (ERP) technique specifically examine?
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In cognitive neuroscience, what is the relationship between brain activity and behavior?
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What does the subtractivity assumption in cognitive neuropsychology imply?
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What does the connectionist model in cognitive psychology help with?
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What is a significant drawback of lab-based studies in cognitive psychology?
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What does a meta-analysis combine?
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Which of the following accurately describes serial processing?
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Study Notes
Scope of Cognitive Psychology
- Cognition involves storing, transforming, and using knowledge.
- Cognitive psychology often is synonymous with the study of cognition.
Gestalt Psychology
- Emphasizes the human tendency to organize perceptual experiences.
Behaviorism
- Critiqued in the 1950s for only examining observable psychological processes.
Event Related Potential (ERP) Technique
- Used to study attention shifts in response to visual stimuli.
Donders' Findings
- Mental responses can be inferred from observable behavior.
- Choice reaction time (RT) is longer than simple RT.
- Discrimination RT is less than choice RT.
Laboratory Studies in Cognitive Psychology
- Limitations include studying cognitive processes in artificial environments removed from real-world contexts.
Connectionist Model
- Utilized for distinguishing between different stimuli.
Processing Types
- Serial processing involves handling one element at a time.
- Parallel processing involves multiple processes occurring simultaneously.
Cognitive Neuroscience
- Subfield integrating brain activity evidence with behavioral studies.
Cognitive Neuropsychology
- Investigates patients with specific cognitive deficits to enhance understanding of cognitive tasks.
Computational Cognitive Psychology
- Focuses on developing computer models to understand human cognitive performance.
Subtractivity
- Assumes that brain damage leads to impairments by subtracting brain functions without adding new pathways.
Meta-Analysis
- Combines findings from various studies to create a comprehensive view of specific topics.
Behaviorist Approach
- Concentrates on observable stimuli and behavior while neglecting internal mental processes.
Memory
- The hippocampus is the brain region most associated with memory.
Emotion
- The amygdala is primarily linked to emotional processing.
Consciousness
- The thalamus is involved in consciousness.
Brain Activity Observation
- fMRI captures brain changes over seconds to minutes; EEG detects changes in milliseconds.
Advantages of fMRI and EEG
- fMRI offers higher spatial resolution compared to EEG.
Computational Models in Cognition
- Provide clear, precise numerical descriptions, avoiding vague interpretations.
Perception
- Involves prior knowledge to interpret sensory stimuli.
Pattern Recognition
- The identification of arrangements of stimuli is termed pattern recognition.
Distinctive Features Model
- Difficulty distinguishing between certain letters supports the distinctive features theory.
Geon Example
- A three-dimensional cylinder is an example of a geon.
Bottom-Up Processing
- Highlights the role of sensory stimuli in pattern recognition.
Pattern Recognition Process
- Involves both top-down and bottom-up processes for comprehensive understanding.
Word Superiority Effect
- Identifying letters is more accurate within words than in isolation.
Prosopagnosia and Familiar Faces
- Galvanic skin responses indicate reactions to familiar faces in individuals with prosopagnosia.
Gestalt Psychology and Perception
- Figure-ground separation is essential before object identification.
Gestalt Laws of Perceptual Organization
- Law of Pragnanz: Simplest organization is perceived.
- Law of Proximity: Objects close to each other are grouped together.
- Law of Similarity: Items with similar characteristics are grouped.
- Law of Good Continuation: Lines are perceived as continuous.
- Law of Closure: Incomplete shapes are perceived as whole.
Perception Theories
- Direct perception theories follow bottom-up processing, emphasizing environmental stimuli.
- Constructive perception theories use top-down processing, where expectations shape perception.
- Template theories involve matching stimuli with retained templates in long-term memory.
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Description
This quiz explores the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology, including its scope, the influence of Gestalt principles, the limitations of behaviorism, and the use of event-related potential techniques. It provides a comprehensive understanding of how cognition is processed and organized in the human mind.
