Questions and Answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cognitive approach?
What fundamental idea does Gestalt psychology highlight?
When did the modern cognitive psychology movement begin?
Which of the following best describes behaviorism?
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In which type of processing does context and previous experience play the most critical role?
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What are the stages of the basic information processing model?
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Which of the following concepts refers to the brain's ability to process multiple pieces of information simultaneously?
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What does the phenomenon of figure-ground perception illustrate in Gestalt psychology?
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What type of information does the iconic sensory store primarily process?
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How long can information typically be stored in the echoic sensory store?
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Which method did Sperling develop that contributed to cognitive psychology?
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What is a key criticism of the template theory of pattern recognition?
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How do automatic attentional processes differ from controlled processes?
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Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with the template theory?
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What does the structural theory of pattern recognition emphasize compared to feature theory?
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Which example illustrates a feature theory of pattern recognition?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology Characteristics
- Knowing and thinking emphasized over mere responding.
- Focuses on mental structure, organization, and interaction with the environment.
- Views individuals as active, constructive, and creative, contrasting with behaviorism.
- Meaning emerges as a property of the interaction between organism and environment.
Gestalt Psychology
- Concept: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts; facilitates perception beyond immediate stimuli.
- Example: Figure-ground vases highlight how shapes and patterns are grouped.
Birth of Modern-Day Cognitive Psychology
- Date: September 11, 1956, during an MIT symposium.
- Influential areas:
- Language, which shaped understanding of communication.
- Problem-solving, enhancing cognitive strategy development.
- Computer science, providing models for cognitive processes.
Behaviorism
- Definition: Focuses exclusively on stimulus-response relationships; dismisses internal mental processes.
- Extremist views result from:
- Advocacy for scientific study only of observable behavior.
- Influence of key figures: John B. Watson, Pavlov, and Wilhelm Wundt.
- Impact on cognitive psychology:
- Highlighted the need for a systematic study of behavior, leading to further examination of cognitive processes.
Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing
- Bottom-Up: Data-driven; involves sensory input leading to perception.
- Top-Down: Conceptually driven; relies on context and prior knowledge to interpret information.
- Example of top-down: Reading a slightly jumbled paragraph with correct word structure facilitates understanding.
Information Processing Model Stages
- Sensory store: Initial storage of stimuli.
- Filter: Selective attention applied to incoming information.
- Pattern recognition: Identification of meaningful patterns.
- Selection: Choosing relevant information for further processing.
- Short-term memory: Temporary storage for active processing.
- Long-term memory: Long-term storage for learned information.
Parallel vs. Serial Processing
- Parallel Processing: Simultaneous processing of several information streams.
- Serial Processing: Sequential processing of information, one at a time.
Iconic vs. Echoic Sensory Stores
- Iconic store:
- Purpose: Visual information processing.
- Capacity: Stores up to 9 letters.
- Duration: 250-500 milliseconds; usually processed in parallel.
- Echoic store:
- Purpose: Auditory information processing.
- Capacity: Can hold 3-4 auditory chunks.
- Duration: 3-5 seconds; processed in parallel.
Importance of Sperling in Cognitive Psychology
- Developed whole and partial report techniques, proving the existence of sensory and iconic stores.
- First to provide evidence on information processing stages and their interrelations.
- Showed that short-term memory uses auditory encoding.
Template Theory of Pattern Recognition
- Concept: Holistic recognition; matches visual cues to exact mental templates.
- Problems:
- Requires distinct templates for each instance; lacks flexibility.
- Fails to accommodate varying pattern interpretations.
- Does not explain recognition performance in animals.
Research Evidence Supporting Feature Theories
- Rats' shadow experiments demonstrating feature recognition capabilities.
- Children's ability to learn different letters when emphasizing distinct features.
- Caricature studies highlighting that feature emphasis improves recognition efficiency.
Feature vs. Structural Theories of Pattern Recognition
- Feature theory centers on individual components; structural theory accounts for feature relationships.
- Research evidence: 'b' and 'p' identification graph showcasing reliance on structural context for recognition.
Automatic vs. Controlled Attentional Processes
- Automatic Processes:
- Occur without intention and are subconsciously managed.
- Example: Effortlessly recognizing a familiar face.
- Controlled Processes:
- Deliberately enacted and result in conscious awareness.
- Example: Actively focusing on reading a text.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of cognitive psychology, including its characteristics, the Gestalt perspective, and the birth of modern cognitive psychology. This quiz dives into the contrasts with behaviorism and highlights key moments and influences in the field. Test your understanding of how cognition interacts with the environment.
