164 Questions
What was the primary motivation behind the Ottoman military campaign to al-Ahsa and Qatar in 1871?
To counter the growing British influence in the region
What was the nature of Ottoman sovereignty over the Gulf region?
Spiritual and nominal
How did the British secure their influence in the Arabian Gulf?
Through treaties and agreements with local Sheikhs
What was the initial Qatari response to the Ottoman presence in the region?
Welcome and cooperation
What was the outcome of the Ottoman military campaign in al-Ahsa and Qatar in 1871?
The Ottoman campaign failed to achieve its goals
What role did Britain play in the Ottoman presence in the Arabian Gulf?
Clashed with the Ottomans and eventually eliminated their presence
What was the primary reason for the Ottomans to send a military campaign to Al-Ahsa and Qatar in 1871?
To extend Ottoman authority over the Arabian Peninsula and support the state's religious influence
Who was the governor of Baghdad from 1869 to 1872?
Midhat Pasha
What was the significance of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?
It highlighted the strategic importance of the Arabian Gulf region and facilitated Ottoman fleet's access to Basra
What was the main reason for Prince Abdullah bin Faisal to request the assistance of the Ottoman governor of Baghdad, Midhat Pasha?
To assume power in Riyadh after his brother Saud succeeded in seizing Riyadh and Al-Ahsa
What was the outcome of the 1871 Ottoman campaign against al-Ahsa?
The Ottomans succeeded in seizing al-Ahsa and Najd, and Midhat Pasha created the 'County of Najd'
Who led the naval fleet that supported the Ottoman campaign?
Sheikh Abdullah bin Sabah Al-Sabah
What was the result of the Ottoman campaign and the imposition of Ottoman influence on Qatar?
Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed welcomed Ottoman influence to combat British influence and pressures
Why did the Ottoman Empire's interest in the Arabian Gulf grow significantly in the late 1860s?
Due to the opening of the Suez Canal and the strategic importance of the Arabian Gulf region
What was the result of the conflict between Prince Abdullah bin Faisal and his brother Saud?
Saud succeeded in seizing Riyadh and Al-Ahsa, and Prince Abdullah bin Faisal requested Ottoman assistance
Who was appointed as the governor of the new 'County of Najd' by Midhat Pasha?
Sheikh Abdullah bin Sabah Al-Sabah
What was the main reason behind Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani's refusal to accept the Ottoman protection of Qatar?
He was loyal to the British and did not want to compromise their relationship.
Why did Sheikh Jassim accept the Ottoman offer of protection?
He wanted to rid Qatar of the influence of Al Khalifa, the rulers of Bahrain.
What was the result of Sheikh Jassim's acceptance of Ottoman protection?
Qatar became an Ottoman district subordinate to the County of Najd.
Why did Sheikh Jassim want to get rid of the Indian merchants (Al-Banyan) who were British subjects?
They were competing with the local people in trade and the pearling industry.
What was the significance of the Ottoman Sultan's position as the Caliph of the Muslims?
It made Sheikh Jassim loyal to the Ottoman Empire.
What was the Ottoman military force's role in Qatar in 1872?
To defend Qatar against external aggression and symbolize Ottoman rule.
How did Britain respond to Sheikh Jassim's acceptance of Ottoman sovereignty?
The British political resident's assistant, Major Grant, visited Doha and asked Sheikh Jassim about his acceptance of Ottoman protection.
What was the result of Sheikh Jassim's acceptance of Ottoman sovereignty in terms of Qatar's internal administration?
Jassim ran Qatar's affairs without contest, while the Ottoman forces took responsibility for Qatar's external protection.
What was the main goal of Sheikh Jassim's decision to accept Ottoman sovereignty?
To use the rivalry between the two major powers to maintain Qatari independence and freedom of movement.
What was the significance of the Ottoman ship “Ashur” arriving in Qatar in 1872?
It brought more artillery to support the Ottoman presence in Qatar.
What did Midhat Pasha consider the County of Najd to include after his visit in 1871?
Najd, al-Ahsa, Qatar, Bahrain, the Oman Coast, and Masqat
What was the British government's response to the Ottoman campaign in Qatar and al-Ahsa in 1871?
They commissioned the British Resident in the Gulf to reassure the rulers of Bahrain and Muscat
What was the outcome of the 1871 Ottoman campaign in al-Ahsa and Qatar?
The rulers of Qatar and Kuwait announced their loyalty to the Ottoman Empire
What motivated the British to undertake an extensive maritime survey in the Gulf after 1871?
To monitor the Ottoman naval presence
Who became the sole ruler of Qatar on December 18, 1878?
Sheikh Jassim
What did Sheikh Jassim believe about the Ottoman presence in the region?
That it was a minor concern compared to British influence
What was the result of Sheikh Jassim's efforts to obtain recognition from the British and Ottomans?
Qatar gained recognition as an independent state
What did Sultan Abdul Hamid decree in 1884 to reward Sheikh Jassim's loyalty?
A higher Ottoman rank
What was the significance of Midhat Pasha's term in Iraq ending?
It resulted in the campaign's results not lasting long
Why did Sheikh Jassim believe that a limited Ottoman presence was acceptable?
Because it would not restrict his leadership or political ambitions
What was Sheikh Jassim's initial intention when he accepted Ottoman sovereignty?
To avoid Ottoman interference in Qatar's administrative affairs
What prompted Sheikh Jassim to give up his title of governor?
The Ottoman Empire's decision to establish a customs administration in Qatar
What was the outcome of the Battle of Wajbah?
The Qatari forces achieved victory over the Ottoman forces
Why did the British confiscate Sheikh Jassim's property in Bahrain and Bombay?
Because Sheikh Jassim deported Indian merchants from Doha
What did Nafiz Pasha, the governor of Al-Ahsa, do in Doha in 1887?
He built a warehouse for coal to supply Turkish ships with fuel
What was the purpose of the Ottoman plan to establish direct Ottoman administration in Qatar between 1887-1891?
To increase Ottoman influence in Qatar
What did Qasim Agha, the commander of the Ottoman garrison in Qatar, do in 1875?
He increased the fees he would take from the Qataris
Why did Sheikh Jassim ask for British protection?
Because he wanted to reduce Ottoman influence in Qatar
What did the Ottoman Empire reward Sheikh Jassim with?
Medals
What was the outcome of Muhammad Rahim Safar's meeting with Sheikh Jassim?
Sheikh Jassim was warned that he would meet the same fate as Ahmed 'Urabi
What was the reason for Sheikh Jassim's refusal to pay the costs of the military campaign against Zubara?
He argued that the Ottoman administration was responsible for the problem.
What happened to the Bahraini ships seized by Sheikh Jassim's men?
They were returned to Bahrain.
Why did the Ottoman empire not take action against the British attack on Zubara?
They only protested against the attack.
What was the result of the British attack on Zubara on Sheikh Jassim's relationship with the Ottoman state?
It weakened their alliance.
What did Sheikh Jassim refuse to participate in?
The Ottoman-Greek wars.
Who attacked the Huwajir inside Qatari territory in 1898?
Mubarak Al-Sabah, the Sheikh of Kuwait.
What was the main issue that Hafiz Pasha demanded from Sheikh Jassim during the negotiations?
Pay back taxes to the Ottoman Empire for 15 years
What was the immediate consequence of Hafiz Pasha imprisoning Ahmad Al Thani and 12 important Qatari leaders?
The Ottomans laid siege to Doha
What was Sheikh Jassim's strategy to deal with the Ottoman forces?
Tricking them into thinking he had left Qatar
What was the outcome of the 1893 Battle of Wajbah?
The Qatari forces emerged victorious
What was one of the key factors that contributed to the Qatari forces' victory?
Their control over the water wells
What was Hafiz Pasha's request to Sheikh Jassim after the Battle of Wajbah?
For amnesty and a truce
What was the outcome of Sheikh Jassim's refusal to accept British protection over Qatar?
The Ottoman Sultan recognized Sheikh Jassim's autonomy
What was the significance of the 1893 Battle of Wajbah in Qatar's modern history?
It demonstrated Sheikh Jassim's courage and leadership
What was the consequence of the Ottoman defeat in the 1893 Battle of Wajbah?
The Ottoman government dismissed Hafiz Pasha
What did Sheikh Jassim do to show his good intentions after the Battle of Wajbah?
He released all Ottoman prisoners
What was the main reason Sheikh Jassim refused to accept the Ottoman reforms in 1889?
He wanted to maintain his independence and customs revenue
Who did the Ottoman administration in Basra appoint as governor in place of Sheikh Jassim in 1882?
Muhammad bin Abd al-Wahhab bin Nasser al-Sabia’i
What was the reason for the Ottoman administration's objection to Sheikh Jassim's rule in Qatar?
All of the above
What did Sheikh Jassim do in response to the Ottoman administration's plan to impose control in Qatar?
He resigned from the position of governor of Qatar
Who led the Ottoman force that arrived in Doha in February 1893?
Mehmed Hafiz Pasha
What was the reason for Sheikh Jassim to present his resignation from the position of governor of Qatar?
He was too old to continue to rule
What was the outcome of Sheikh Jassim's letter to the authorities in Istanbul?
The situation deteriorated, and the crisis worsened
What was the condition for the Ottoman government to issue a general amnesty to Sheikh Jassim?
He had to return the weapons he seized from the Ottomans during the battle
Where did Sheikh Jassim make a settlement in preparation for a confrontation with the Ottomans?
Wajba
Who was granted the position of governor of Qatar after Sheikh Jassim's resignation?
Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Thani
Why did the British attack the Zubara port in 1895?
The bin Ali tribe had taken refuge in Zubara and the British were afraid of an Ottoman attack on Bahrain
What was the reason for the Ottoman governor's rejection of Sheikh Jassim's resignation?
He wanted Sheikh Jassim to continue his work
What did Sheikh Jassim cite as the reason for not appearing before Hafiz Pasha?
He was old and sick
What was the result of the British attack on Zubara in 1895?
The Zubara fort was destroyed and many ships were confiscated
What did Sheikh Jassim do after the British attack on Zubara?
He raised a truce flag and sent a letter of apology to the British resident
Who sent a force to help with the attack on Qatar?
Mohammad Al Sabah, the Sheikh of Kuwait
What was one of the conditions that Sheikh Jassim accepted after the British attack on Zubara?
He had to return the bin Ali tribe to Bahrain
Who was assassinated by one of his servants in 1905?
Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Thani
What was the relationship between Sheikh Jassim and his son Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani?
Sheikh Abdullah was Sheikh Jassim's son and helped him in governing Qatar
Why did the Ottoman governor of al-Ahsa welcome the bin Ali tribe's request to enter Ottoman protection?
The Ottoman governor wanted to counter the British influence in the region
The Ottoman presence in the Arabian Gulf and Qatar was strong during the second half of the 19th century.
False
The British allowed the Ottomans to establish a strong presence in the Arabian Gulf.
False
The Ottoman military campaign in 1871 achieved its goals in Qatar and al-Ahsa.
False
The British secured their influence in the Arabian Gulf through violence and military campaigns.
False
Sheikh Jassim initially welcomed the Ottoman presence in Qatar.
True
The Ottoman Empire's interest in the Arabian Gulf declined significantly in the late 1860s.
False
Sheikh Jassim maintained a good relationship with the Ottomans throughout his life.
False
The Battle of Wajbah resulted in a victory for the Ottoman forces.
False
The Ottomans established a customs administration in Qatar in 1887 to increase the country's financial resources.
False
Sheikh Jassim gave up his title of governor after the Ottomans established a customs administration in Qatar.
True
The British completely trusted Sheikh Jassim and supported him against the Ottoman Empire.
False
Sheikh Jassim accepted the Ottomans' plan to establish direct Ottoman administration in Qatar.
False
The Ottomans welcomed Sheikh Jassim's change of heart and stopped trying to impose their influence in Qatar.
False
Nafiz Pasha, the governor of Al-Ahsa, visited Doha in 1887 to establish a coal warehouse and increase the Ottoman garrison in Doha.
True
Sheikh Jassim was rewarded with medals by the Ottoman Empire for his cooperation.
True
The British confiscated Sheikh Jassim's property in Bahrain and Bombay because he opposed the Ottoman presence in Qatar.
False
Midhat Pasha considered the County of Najd to include Najd, al-Ahsa, Qatar, Bahrain, the Oman Coast and Masqat.
True
The British government commissioned the British Resident in the Gulf to reassure the rulers of Bahrain and Muscat that the campaign’s goal was to attack their property and lands.
False
The Ottoman campaign in Qatar and al-Ahsa in 1871 was only a land campaign.
False
Sheikh Jassim became the sole ruler of Qatar on December 18, 1878.
True
Sheikh Jassim's father, Sheikh Mohammed Bin Thani, raised the Ottoman flag over the ruler's palace in Doha.
False
The Ottoman Empire rewarded Sheikh Jassim with a lower Ottoman rank in 1884.
False
Sheikh Jassim's primary goal in accepting Ottoman sovereignty was to protect Qatar's coasts from the British.
False
The British undertook an extensive maritime survey to monitor the area after the Ottoman campaign.
True
The Ottoman fleet in the waters of the Gulf included five ships in 1871.
False
The British authorities in the Gulf took action against Saud bin Faisal's followers after they attacked Qatar.
False
Sheikh Jassim believed that the British influence clashed with his Hanbali Islamic beliefs and sovereignty over the country.
True
Qatar was exempt from paying taxes to the Ottoman Empire because it was a wealthy country.
False
The Ottoman military force in Qatar was responsible for the country's internal administration.
False
Sheikh Jassim was able to gain experience in administering the country's affairs by helping his father since he was an old man.
False
The Ottoman campaign in al-Ahsa and Qatar in 1871 established British rule in al-Ahsa.
False
The British political resident's assistant, Major Grant, visited Doha after Sheikh Jassim declared his acceptance of Ottoman sovereignty.
True
Sheikh Jassim accepted Ottoman sovereignty over Qatar to get rid of the British influence in the country.
False
The Ottoman ship 'Ashur' arrived in Qatar in 1872 carrying troops to support the Ottoman presence in Qatar.
True
Sheikh Jassim's acceptance of Ottoman sovereignty led to the Ottoman Empire taking control of Qatar's internal affairs.
False
The Ottoman Empire's presence in Qatar was a symbol of Ottoman rule and protection against external aggression.
True
Akif Pasha visited Doha in 1889 and convinced Sheikh Jassim to accept the Ottoman reforms.
False
Sheikh Jassim welcomed Ottoman rule in Qatar initially because he wanted to free himself from the taxes his father had committed to.
True
The Ottomans appointed Nasser bin Mubarak Al Khalifa as the governor of Qatar.
False
Sheikh Jassim sent a letter to the authorities in Istanbul requesting that they oppose Hafiz Pasha's policies.
True
Sheikh Jassim prepared for a confrontation with the Ottomans by leaving Qatar and settling in Wajba.
True
Hafiz Pasha rejected Sheikh Jassim's resignation and requested that he continue his work.
True
Sheikh Jassim's brother, Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Thani, received Hafiz Pasha in Doha.
True
Sheikh Jassim declined to appear before Hafiz Pasha, citing his old age.
True
The Ottoman administration in Basra supported Sheikh Jassim's decision to prepare for a confrontation with the Ottomans.
False
Mubarak, the brother of the Sheikh of Kuwait, sent a force to help with the attack on Qatar.
True
The negotiations between Hafiz Pasha and Sheikh Jassim lasted for more than a month.
False
Hafiz Pasha demanded that Sheikh Jassim pay back taxes to the Ottoman Empire for 20 years.
False
Sheikh Jassim distributed his forces to several critical points and prepared an elaborate ambush for the Kuwaiti forces led by Mubarak Al Sabah.
False
The Qatari forces laid siege to the Ottomans at al-Shaqab and shelled the castle after seizing several Kuwaiti cannons.
False
The number of Ottoman soldiers killed reached 97, including a commander named Yusuf Effendi, in addition to many wounded and taken prisoner.
True
Hafiz Pasha requested amnesty and a truce from Sheikh Jassim, but Sheikh Jassim insisted that Hafiz Pasha release Sheikh Ahmad and the leading men of Qatar first.
True
The British tried to take advantage of the situation in Qatar by sending the British consul to Wakra.
False
Sheikh Jassim confirmed his continuing loyalty to the British Sultan and freed the Ottoman prisoners to show his good intentions.
False
The Ottoman government recognized the dangerous situation in Qatar and chose a military solution, dismissing the governor of Basra Hafiz Pasha.
False
The 1893 Battle of Wajbah was an insignificant event in the modern history of Qatar.
False
Sheikh Jassim refused to pay the costs of the military campaign against Zubara.
True
The Ottoman Empire took action against the British attack on Zubara.
False
Sheikh Jassim participated in bearing the expenses of the Ottoman-Greek wars.
False
The bin Ali tribe entirely returned to Bahrain after the crisis.
False
Sheikh Jassim remained on bad terms with the British and the Ottomans throughout this period.
False
Mubarak Al-Sabah, the Sheikh of Kuwait, attacked the Huwajir inside Omani territory in 1898.
False
The Ottomans had a military presence south of Basra before 1871.
False
Midhat Pasha was an advocate of government reform and called for the extension of Ottoman authority over the Arabian peninsula.
True
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 decreased the strategic importance of the Arabian Gulf region.
False
The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the political conflict within the Saudi family to send a military campaign to Al-Ahsa and Qatar in 1871.
True
Sheikh Abdullah bin Sabah Al-Sabah, the ruler of Kuwait, opposed the Ottoman campaign against al-Ahsa and Najd.
False
Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani welcomed British influence in Qatar in 1871.
False
The Ottoman campaign against al-Ahsa and Najd in 1871 was unsuccessful.
False
The British government of India supported the Ottoman military campaign in the Arabian Gulf in 1871.
False
Midhat Pasha was the governor of Baghdad from 1871 to 1875.
False
The Ottoman campaign and the imposition of Ottoman influence on Qatar in 1871 was a response to British aggression.
True
Sheikh Jassim was too old to continue to rule, so he presented his resignation from the position of governor of Qatar.
True
Sheikh Jassim’s brother Sheikh Ahmad bin Mohammad Al Thani took over the governorship of Qatar in 1882.
False
Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani was the ruler of Qatar from 1905 until 1920.
False
The British attack on Zubara in 1895 resulted in the destruction of the Zubara fort and 88 ships belonging to Sheikh Jassim.
True
Sheikh Jassim and the Ottoman governor of al-Ahsa agreed to return the bin Ali tribe to Bahrain.
True
The Ottoman Empire stopped the conspiracies against Sheikh Jassim and dismissed the reports presented by the British.
True
Sheikh Jassim relied on his brother Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim Al Thani to run the country's affairs.
False
The British government in India ordered the attack on Zubara in 1895 due to the Ottoman presence in the region.
False
The Ottoman flag in Zubara disappeared after the British attack on Zubara in 1895.
True
Sheikh Jassim accused the Ottoman governor of al-Ahsa of gathering the bin Ali tribe in Zubara.
True
Learn about the Ottoman Empire's military campaigns in the Arabian Gulf, particularly in Al-Ahsa and Qatar, and the factors that led to their influence in the region. Discover how the absence of Ottoman presence south of Basra created an opportunity for British influence in the Gulf. Take this quiz to test your knowledge of the Ottoman Empire's expansion in the Gulf region.
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