Osteoporosis Treatment Alternatives and Prevention Strategies

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What are the three estrogens commonly found in oral contraceptive pills?

Estradiol, Estriol, Estrone

Estradiol, Ethinyl estradiol, Estropipate (correct)

Ethinyl estradiol, Mestranol, Estropipate

Estriol, Ethinyl estradiol, Estropipate

What are the unique properties of Beyaz and Safyral among combination oral contraceptives?

Higher progestin content

Include a folic acid supplement (correct)

Contain a diuretic component

Lower estrogen content

How is Nuvaring typically used as a contraceptive method?

Oral administration

Intravenous injection

Subcutaneous implantation

Vaginal insertion (correct)

What is the primary drawback of progestin-only contraceptives?

Must be taken at the exact same time daily Signup and view all the answers

What are the indications of prostaglandins in a medical context?

Induction of labor Signup and view all the answers

What are the rare side effects associated with phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors?

Hearing loss and vision changes Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with using Canagliflozin for diabetes?

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is contraindicated in gestational diabetes?

Glucotrol Signup and view all the answers

What is the appropriate Levothyroxine dosage for Stacy, a 30-year-old with elevated TSH and low Free T4 weighing 100 lbs?

75 mcg Signup and view all the answers

Which medication is typically used to treat symptomatic hyperthyroidism in the first trimester of pregnancy?

Propylthiouracil Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue should Jane, a type 1 diabetic taking a beta blocker, be aware of?

Impaired glycogenolysis response to low blood glucose Signup and view all the answers

What interval is considered optimal for reassessing TSH after adjusting Levothyroxine dosage?

6-8 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of combining levomefolate with estrogen and progestin in certain oral contraceptive pills?

To reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects Signup and view all the answers

What unique components does Natazia contain?

Estradiol valerate and dienogest Signup and view all the answers

Which oral contraceptive pill component does not cause potassium retention?

Estradiol valerate Signup and view all the answers

What is the onset of success within 21 days after taking Next Choice emergency contraceptive pills?

Onset of menses Signup and view all the answers

Which component is common in all Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)?

Variable estrogen receptor activity in different tissues Signup and view all the answers

What was the main reason for developing Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs)?

To selectively target estrogen receptors in different tissues Signup and view all the answers

'Duavee' is a combination drug used for what purpose?

'Menopause hormone therapy' Signup and view all the answers

'Premature epiphyseal closure' is a potential side effect associated with the therapeutic use of which hormone?

'Testosterone' Signup and view all the answers

'Edema caused from retention of salt and water' is a known side effect of which hormone therapy?

'Testosterone' Signup and view all the answers

'Reducing HDL and increasing LDL cholesterol levels' is an adverse effect known for which therapy?

'Testosterone' therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary route of excretion for Methimazole?

Urine Signup and view all the answers

In a person with a Sulfa allergy, which medication should be used with caution?

Meglitinides Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect associated with the use of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

GI upset Signup and view all the answers

For an elderly person compared to a young adult, what is the approximate difference in the Levothyroxine dose needed?

75% less Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be monitored for ALT levels?

Thiazolidinediones Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason women discontinue progestin-only pills?

Breakthrough bleeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the mechanism of action of alpha adrenergic agents?

Blockade of alpha 1 receptors and relaxation of smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

What is not a possible side effect of Testosterone therapy?

Hair loss Signup and view all the answers

What should John, a type 1 diabetic having his wisdom teeth removed, do with his insulin regime?

Continue the glargine and take lispro only as a supplement Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of iodine on the thyroid gland?

Stimulates thyroid hormone production Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is specifically mentioned to not activate estrogen receptors in the endometrium?

Raloxifene Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal difference between tamoxifen and raloxifene?

Raloxifene activates estrogen Signup and view all the answers

Which drug combines estrogen with an estrogen agonist/antagonist?

Duavee Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary noncontraceptive use of progestins?

Counteracting adverse effects of estrogen on the endometrium Signup and view all the answers

What are the adverse effects associated with progesterone use?

Gynecologic effects and breast cancer Signup and view all the answers

Which drug produces hot flashes due to blocking estrogen receptors?

[Nolvadex] Tamoxifen Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of cyclic therapy in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding?

To establish a regular monthly cycle Signup and view all the answers

Which progestin can induce menstrual flow in selected women experiencing amenorrhea?

[Provera] Medroxyprogesterone acetate Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone helps maintain the uterus throughout pregnancy?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant risk associated with receptor activation by tamoxifen?

Endometrial cancer risk Signup and view all the answers

Which progestin is specifically approved for preventing preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy and a history of preterm delivery?

Makena Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a progestin in hormone therapy when used in combination with estrogen?

Counterbalance estrogen-mediated endometrial stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which medication was specifically highlighted for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in menopause?

Brisdelle Signup and view all the answers

What condition can endometrial hyperplasia potentially lead to?

Endometrial carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

For which condition should nonestrogen treatments be considered carefully before prescribing hormone therapy?

Preventing osteoporosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for including a progestin in estrogen/progestin therapy (EPT)?

Addressing endometrial hyperplasia risk Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone therapy indication requires reassessment of continued therapy due to symptom subsiding over time?

Treatment of vasomotor symptoms Signup and view all the answers

Which antidepressant was specifically mentioned for reducing the frequency and severity of hot flashes?

Lexapro Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason for using physiologic doses of estrogen in hormone therapy?

To counteract proliferative effects of estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided in hormone therapy according to the text?

Long-term therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the ratio of levothyroxine to liothyronine in Armour?

5:1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the therapeutic use of Methimazole and Propylthiouracil?

Treatment of hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of Radioactive Iodine on the thyroid?

Destruction of thyroid tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the diagnostic use of Radioactive Iodine?

Diagnosis of hyperthyroidism Signup and view all the answers

What are the metabolic actions of Estrogen mentioned in the text?

Enhancement of insulin sensitivity Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is associated with Estrogen therapy?

Growth promotion of existing breast cancer cells Signup and view all the answers

In what noncontraceptive use is estrogen most commonly used postmenopause?

Menopausal hormone therapy Signup and view all the answers

What route of administration is NOT mentioned for Estrogen in the text?

Sublingual Signup and view all the answers

What is the peak duration of Glulisine (Apidra) insulin?

0.75-1 hour Signup and view all the answers

Which insulin medication comes in 10 ml vials with 1000 units per 28 days after opening?

NPH Signup and view all the answers

What technology do insulin pumps use to account for basal insulin needs throughout the day?

Basal insulin infusion Signup and view all the answers

Why is it advised to counsel patients on the specific needles required for U-500 insulin?

To prevent overdosing on insulin Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for refrigerating insulin medications until opening?

To prevent the breakdown of proteins Signup and view all the answers

In giving insulin shots, why is it important to hold for 5-10 seconds after injecting?

To ensure all medication is given Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of Metformin?

Reducing hepatic glucose output Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common adverse effect of Metformin?

Vitamin B12 deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which diabetic medication is associated with Lipoatrophy?

Sulfonylureas Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary adverse effect that can result from metformin accumulation in patients with severe renal or liver disease?

Lactic acidosis Signup and view all the answers

Which oral antidiabetic class of drugs is associated with weight loss rather than weight gain?

SGLT-2 inhibitors Signup and view all the answers

How does Sulfonylureas induce insulin release in the body?

By depolarizing cells and promoting insulin release Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Lipoatrophy and Lipohypertrophy?

Lipoatrophy involves fat loss around injection sites, while Lipohypertrophy involves fat accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which diabetic medication is considered a first-line therapy?

Metformin Signup and view all the answers

What should be counseled to a patient experiencing severe gastrointestinal disturbances with Metformin?

To titrate up to the required dose gradually. Signup and view all the answers

What is the action patients should take 48 hours prior to undergoing a contrast dye procedure while on Metformin?

Discontinue the use of Metformin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason behind the inclusion of levomefolate in Beyaz and Safyral oral contraceptive pills?

To reduce the risk of fetal neural tube defects if pregnancy occurs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Natazia from other combination oral contraceptives in terms of its components?

It has a unique progestin component called dienogest Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of Natazia over other combination oral contraceptives?

Does not induce potassium retention Signup and view all the answers

When administering Estrogen-progestin contraceptives, what should be done 1 to 2 hours before each dose?

Administer an antiemetic Signup and view all the answers

Which component in Natazia is responsible for undergoing rapid conversion to the predominant endogenous estrogen?

Estradiol valerate Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Estradiol/levonorgestrel from other combination oral contraceptives?

Requires a Yuzpe regimen with 2 tablets q12h Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action if a patient misses 1 or 2 oral contraceptive pills during the second or third week of the pack?

Take one pill as soon as possible and then continue with the active pills but skip the placebo pills. Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is NOT listed as decreasing the effectiveness of oral contraceptives?

Ciprofloxacin Signup and view all the answers

What is the follow-up recommendation for patients who initiate all methods of contraception?

Pelvic exam, Pap smear, and STI testing 2 to 3 months post-initiation. Signup and view all the answers

What is essential for a patient using a diaphragm to do prior to each use?

Inspecting the device Signup and view all the answers

Which contraceptive method has a potential complication related to site reactions including pain, bleeding, and infection?

Injectables Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended monitoring action for patients on estrogen-containing methods of contraception?

Monthly blood pressure checks Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if a diaphragm is placed more than 6 hours before intercourse?

Apply new spermicide before intercourse Signup and view all the answers

'St.John’s wort may alter estrogen levels, reducing efficacy or causing breakthrough bleeding.' What type of contraception is most likely affected by this interaction?

"The pill" Signup and view all the answers

What could be an outcome if a patient with an IUD becomes pregnant?

Higher likelihood of ectopic pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended procedure for a patient who misses several contraceptive pills during the second or third week of the pack?

Follow instructions for one or two missed pills and use additional contraception for 7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial recommended treatment approach for type 2 diabetes according to the position statement?

Start lifestyle changes and metformin Signup and view all the answers

In the treatment of type 2 diabetes, when should a three-drug combination regimen be considered?

If the patient does not achieve goals with two drugs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is NOT mentioned as a potential second drug to add in step 2 of the treatment approach?