Osteomalacia and Bone Health Quiz

Second Question: Multiple Choice

• To absorb calcium, take calcium carbonate with food, not on an empty stomach.
• Common presentations of osteomalacia include hip pain and fractures, difficulty walking, and muscle weakness.
• Diagnosing osteomalacia involves checking serum calcium/phosphorus and 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, as well as assessing alkaline phosphatase. Osteomalacia is not diagnosed by x-ray, which shows loose bone.
• Risk factors for falls in the elderly include age, illness, sensory/motor deficits and not using mobility aids.
• Detrusor overactivity is the most frequent cause of urinary incontinence in the elderly, along with age-related sleep disorders and polypharmacy.
• Tricyclic antidepressants can lessen or block detrusor contractions which is related to treating urinary incontinence. Nursing assessment of urinary incontinence requires determining incontinence episodes, urine culture, and observing cystometory results. Prescribing anticholinergics and tricyclic antidepressants is not part of the nursing assessment.
• Cognitive changes in the elderly include slower responses, mild short-term memory loss, but maintain long-term memory.
• Integumentary changes in the elderly include decreased skin elasticity, increased dryness, and thinning nails, not thinning of hair.
• The heart's function includes receiving and pumping oxygenated/deoxygenated blood. The right atrium and right ventricle receive and pump deoxygenated blood, while the left atrium and left ventricle receive and pump oxygenated blood.
• A person age 80 is considered 'Old-Old'.

Special Senses Changes in Old Age

• Special senses changes in old age include stiff joints, less flexibility, decreased taste and smell, and decreased skin elasticity, including wrinkling.
• Reduced insulin and thyroid production is a special sense change.

Ischemic Heart Disease in Old Age

• Ischemic Heart Disease in old age includes Myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death, angina pectoris, and coronary spasm.

Common Health Problems

• Common health problems in old age include heart disease, cancer, and stroke.

Osteoporosis

• Abnormal bone mass is a major feature of osteoporosis, which cannot be caused by medications.
• Common fracture sites in the elderly include the skull, ribs, and forearms.
• Myocardial enzyme elevation, low blood pressure, and typical chest pains are used to diagnose Myocardial Infarction (MI).
• Osteomalacia dietary therapy does not include almonds.

Paget's Disease

• Paget's disease is characterized by mechanically weaker, larger bones, that are less compact, more vascular, and more susceptible to fracture also including all three.

Nursing Care of Paget's Disease

• Nursing care for Paget's disease includes back support with a soft mattress, teaching about splints or braces and skin care, and correct cane and walker usage, along with calcium and vitamin D related diet.

True and False

• Numerous statements regarding the elderly and risk factors are evaluated as true or false. (This section contains many specific and detailed facts).

Gerontology

• Gerontology is the study of the biology of aging and longevity.
• Aging leads to a loss of adaptive response to stress, and an increased risk of age-related diseases.
• Preventive geriatrics is the art and science of treating disease in the geriatric population.
• Health old age can be attained with a variety of prevention and health promotion strategies.
• Turning the head toward a speaker is a common behavior in older adults.
• Taste buds decrease, and the decline occurs starting at the front of the tongue and moves to the back.
• Elderly people are at risk of falls and impaired balance.

Geratric Medicine

• Gerontology is a specialty in caring for elderly people.
• Bio gerontology is the study of the biological aspects of aging and longevity.
• Cumulative percentage of cataract surgeries is a health indicator for older adults.
• Dark adaptation related vision issues are present in older adults.
• Elderly people have difficulty with discrimination related to smell, which is more prevalent in women.
• Elderly have difficulty discerning taste (more common in men) and higher risk for taste-related diseases.

Biological Theories of Aging

• Biological theories, such as the programmed longevity theory, free radical theory, and cellular senescence theory, explain aging.
• Wear and tear and neuroendocrine theory are also included in these theories.
• The cross-linking theory proposes aging due to proteins cross-linking, tissue loss of elasticity.

Geriatric Nursing

• Common causes of hospitalizations in the elderly are hypertension, falls, fractures, and pneumonia.
• Nursing interventions for elderly patients administer medications carefully considering kidney and liver function changes.
• Cognitive function decline is characterized by memory loss, reasoning issues.
• Maintaining a consistent routine is helpful for dementia patients.
• Patient assessment tools like the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) are used for pain assessment in elderly patients.
• Common causes for delirium include hypoglycemia, acute infection, dehydration.
• Restraint usage in elderly patients should be last resort and the rationale for using a restraint should be documented along duration of application.
• Nurses using evidence-based practices and protocols minimize risk for negligence.

End-of-Life Decision Making

• Advance directives are legal documents outlining a patient's healthcare preferences.
• Advance care planning discussions should occur as part of routine care, well before a crisis arises, with a physician or specialist.
• Nurses have an ethical duty to advocate for the patient's wishes in end-of-life decisions.

Resource Allocation

• Ethical issues arise when healthcare resources are limited in geriatric care.
• Ethical priorities involving resource allocation include providing treatment fairly and not discriminating based on the patient's age.

Diabetes Mellitus in Geriatric Patients

• Gradual symptom onset is a typical characteristic of diabetes in older adults, including fatigue.
• Common complications include retinopathy, neuropathy, kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease.
• Risk factors for elderly diabetes include physical inactivity and low BMI.
• The primary goal of care for elder patients with diabetes involve preventing complications, improving glycemic control. This includes adherence to diet, exercise, and medication regimens.
• Hypoglycemia is a risk in elderly patients, associated with falls and cognitive decline.
• Foot care is crucial for elderly diabetic patients to reduce the risk of infections and ulcers.
• Common early signs of diabetic nephropathy include edema and proteinuria.

Myocardial Infarction (MI) in Geriatric Patients

• Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of MI.
• ST-segment elevation is a commonly observed diagnostic finding on an ECG for MI.
• Troponin is highly specific to diagnose MI.
• MONA treatment (Morphine, Oxygen, Nitroglycerin, and Aspirin) is a crucial initial intervention for an MI.
• Chest pain is a common characteristic symptom of MI during assessment.
• MI treatment includes medication to reduce platelet aggregation (like aspirin).
• Oxygen therapy improves oxygen supply to the heart in MI patients.
• Renal failure, heart failure, and stroke can occur as major complications of MI.
• Patients experiencing MI may exhibit concerning findings including decreased respiratory rate, elevated heart rate and decreased blood pressure.
• Lifestyle factors including smoking cessation, decrease of alcohol consumption and saturated fats, reduce the risk of future MIs.
• Successful reperfusion is indicated by the return of the ST segment to the baseline.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

• Plaque buildup in the arteries are the primary cause of CAD.
• Common risk factors include smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol.
• Frequent symptom is chest pain or angina.
• Angina is characterized by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle and can occur at rest or during exertion.
• Patients with CAD regularly receive diagnostics like the ECG to evaluate blood flow through the coronary arteries.
• Medical interventions include medications such as Statins to reduce cholesterol.
• Beta-blockers help decrease heart rate and oxygen demand.
• Modifiable risk factors include smoking and high-sodium diets.

Test your knowledge on osteomalacia and its impact on bone health with this quiz. Explore topics including calcium absorption, vitamin D's role, and common laboratory findings related to this condition. Assess your understanding of the symptoms and metabolic factors influencing osteomalacia.