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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of the OSI model?
What is the main advantage of using layers in the OSI model?
What is the primary function of the lower four layers of the OSI model?
What is the benefit of separating network functions into layers?
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What is the primary function of the upper three layers of the OSI model?
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What happens to data as it moves down the OSI layers?
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What is the OSI reference model composed of?
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What is the benefit of using the OSI model in networking?
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When was the OSI model released?
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What is the primary function of an Operating System?
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What is the purpose of Memory Management in an Operating System?
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What is the purpose of Processor Management in an Operating System?
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What is the function of Device Management in an Operating System?
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What is the purpose of File Management in an Operating System?
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What is the primary purpose of storage management in an Operating System?
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What is the term used to describe a group of resources in a computer system?
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Which type of Operating System allows multiple tasks to run at the same time, sharing the CPU time?
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What is the role of the Operating System in storing and accessing files?
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What is the term used to describe the fixed interval of time allocated to each task in a time-shared OS?
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Study Notes
The OSI Model
- The rapid growth of computer networks led to compatibility problems, prompting the International Standard Organization (ISO) to release the OSI model in 1984.
- The OSI model stands for Open Systems Interconnection and consists of 7 layers, designed to reduce complexity and make standardization easier.
- The OSI model divides the problem of moving information between computers over a network medium into 7 smaller, more manageable problems, known as layering.
Layers of the OSI Model
- The OSI model is composed of 7 layers, each specifying particular network functions.
- Each layer provides a service to the layer above it in the protocol specification.
- Each layer communicates with the same layer's software or hardware on other computers.
Lower Layers (4-1)
- The lower 4 layers (transport, network, data link, and physical - Layers 4, 3, 2, and 1) are concerned with the flow of data from end to end through the network.
Upper Layers (7-5)
- The upper 3 layers (application, presentation, and session - Layers 7, 6, and 5) are oriented more toward services to the applications.
Data Encapsulation
- Data is encapsulated with necessary protocol information as it moves down the layers before network transit.
Operating System Overview
- An operating system (OS) is a program that acts as an interface between the system hardware and the user.
- It handles all the interactions between the software and the hardware.
- The OS performs functions like handling memory, processes, and the interaction between hardware and software.
Objectives of OS
- The primary goals of an operating system include managing hardware resources and providing common services to computer programs.
Functions of Operating System
Memory Management
- Manages the main or primary memory, which is a quick storage area that can be accessed directly by the CPU.
- The OS manages memory by allocating it to programs, releasing it when programs are completed, and managing multiple programs in the memory.
Processor Management/Scheduling
- Determines the status of the processor and processes, selects a job and its processor, allocates the processor to the process, and de-allocates the processor after the process is completed.
- The OS decides how and when a process will use the CPU when multiple processes run on the system.
- CPU scheduling algorithms are used to manage processor allocation.
Device Management
- Regulates device connection using drivers, allowing processes to use devices as needed.
File Management
- Manages resource allocation and de-allocation, specifying which process receives the file and for how long.
- Keeps track of file information, location, uses, status, and more, using file systems.
Storage Management
- Manages storage devices to maximize utilization and protect data integrity.
- Features include network virtualization, replication, mirroring, security, compression, deduplication, traffic analysis, process automation, storage provisioning, and memory management.
- The OS stores and accesses files, creates files and directories, reads and writes data, and copies file contents.
Types of Operating System
Batch OS
- Does not forward jobs/tasks directly to the CPU, instead grouping similar jobs under one category called a ‘batch’.
Time-Shared OS
- Allows multiple tasks to run on the system simultaneously, sharing the CPU time one by one, with each task allocated a fixed interval of time (quantum).
Distributed OS
- Coordinates and manages multiple computers and resources as if they were a single entity.
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Description
Learn about the OSI model, its 7 layers, and how it solves compatibility issues in computer networks. Understand how it ensures interoperability between different network technologies.
