OSHA Compliance Quiz

Types of Bodily Reactions

• Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unusual positions.
• Overexposure can lead to injury from harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances.

System Causation Theory

• Focus on fixing the system, not assigning blame.
• Disciplinary action is inappropriate if the safety management system failed employees.

Accident Investigation

• The purpose is to determine the facts, not assign blame.
• A seven-step process includes:
  • Securing the accident scene.
  • Documenting the accident scene.
  • Conducting interviews.
  • Identifying the sequence of events.
  • Conducting surface and root cause analysis.
  • Determining solutions.
  • Writing the report.

Accident Investigation Characteristics

• At least two competent persons should conduct investigations.
• Investigators should be properly trained.
• Reports should identify surface and root causes of accidents, and provide recommendations to address hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices.

OSHA Recordkeeping

• OSHA Form 300 classifies work-related injuries and illnesses.
• This form tracks the extent and severity of each case.
• OSHA recordkeeping collects data on occupational injuries and illnesses nationwide.
• Employers must keep a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment expected to operate for one year or longer.
• OSHA 300A is a summary of work-related injuries and illnesses.

Workers' Compensation

• Workers' compensation provides medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or made ill at work.

Injury and Illness Reporting

• An injury or illness is work-related if a work environment event or exposure caused or significantly aggravated the condition.
• Employers must determine if the workplace contributed to or aggravated an injury/illness.

Safety Culture

• OSHA defines safety culture as a combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things.

Management Styles

• Directive Democrat: allows participation in decision-making while closely supervising employees.
• Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally while closely supervising.
• Permissive Democrat: allows participation in decision-making, giving latitude in completing work.

Accident Theories

• Heinrich's Domino Theory: unsafe acts, conditions, social traits, injury, accident.
• Human Factors Theory: accidents are entirely the result of human error.
• Accident/Incident Theory: additional elements (ergonomics, decision to err, system failures) contribute to accidents.
• Systems Theory: relationships between man, machine systems, and surroundings contributing to accidents.
• Energy Release Theory: transfer of energy, in large amounts at rapid rates, is involved in accidents.
• Combination Theory: accidents result from a combination of factors.

Health and Safety Program Audits

• Essential methods include document review, employee interviews, and site conditions.
• Effective programs include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention/control, and health/safety training.

ANSI Standards

• ANSI standards are developed or revised considering impacted stakeholders.
• Seven sections of Z 10 relevant standards (Management Leadership, Employee Participation, Planning, Implementation/Operation, Evaluation, Corrective Action, Management Review) are listed.

Employee Rights and Responsibilities

• Employees have the right to access their medical and exposure records.
• Employees read OSHA posters, follow safety rules and wear proper gear.
• Employees report hazardous conditions (to supervisors or safety committees, or to OSHA, if the employer doesn't correct).
• Employees expect a safe work environment.

OSHA Inspections and Process

• During an inspection, employers receive notification of the reason.
• Employer is required to assist the OSHA compliance officer.
• Confidentiality of trade secrets is important.
• OSHA prioritizes inspections following imminent danger, catastrophes, fatal accidents, and employee complaints.
• Additional priorities are programmed high-hazard and follow-up inspections,

OSHA Citations

• Citations are sent via certified mail and must be posted for a period of 3 days or until the violation has been abated.
• OSHA record-keeping regulations apply to record work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.

Liability and Records

• Manufacturers/sellers minimize liability via defense strategies (design, manufacturing, packaging, marketplace, attorneys).
• Records include incident reports, training, exposure, and equipment records

Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment

• JSA breaks jobs into steps, identifies hazards, and prescribes controls.
• Gross Hazard Analysis is a rough risk assessment in early accident investigation stages.
• Bathtub curve displays typical failure rate over time.
• Fault tolerance is not related to system failure timing.
• Series Reliability (R=R1 x R2 x ... Rn) means all components must function for the system to work.
• Parallel Reliability (R = 1 - (1-R1) x (1-R2)) indicates a system works if one component fails.
• probability of failure calculation pf= (1-ps) for system.

Classifying Failure Impacts

• Failure impacts are classified (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
• Likert scale is used to measure attitude.

Health and Safety Performance

• Measurements of safety performance (TCIRs and DARTs) have limited value for future prediction.
• Effective health and safety goals/objectives follow SMART principles.

OSHA Overview

• OSHA's primary responsibilities include encouraging safety practices, workplace hazard reduction, research, and education for workplace safety problems.
• They also established separate but dependent employer/employee responsibilities, and rights to better safety/health conditions.
• Includes maintaining reporting and record-keeping systems to monitor job-related injuries and illness, and developing mandatory job safety/health standards.

Coverage under the OSH Act

• All private sector employers with one or more workers in all 50 states and US territories are covered.

OSHA Rules and Regulations

• OSHA requires a warrant to enter a workplace for inspections.
• Horizontal standards apply to general industries, and vertical standards to specific industries.

Employer Rights and Responsibilities

• Employers must ensure compliance with standards, reduce hazards, and provide training and safety materials.
• Employers need to maintain OSHA required records in those workplaces with 10 or fewer employees.

OSHA Recordkeeping System

• OSHA Form 300 is used to classify work-related injuries and illnesses.
• Record keeping is crucial for collecting uniform data on occupational injuries and illnesses.
• Employers use the system for inspection targeting and performance measurement.
• Applicable to low-hazard industry exemptions, standard development, and resource allocation.

Workers' Compensation

• Compensation is intended to provide medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or made ill at work.
• Recordable cases may not always be financially compensable.

Behavior Theory

• Behavior-based safety focuses on intervening to identify internal factors driving employee behavior.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

• Methods that firms utilize to determine the return on investment (ROI) in a project or program.
• Calculating ROI (Cost / Investment) x 100 = % ROI, payback period calculation.
• Determination of worthiness of project expense given time, money, and energy.

Insurance and Liability

• Types of insurance include private insurance policies and self-insured benefits
• Self-insured companies need a large reserve fund to cover claims
• Premiums are calculated based on worker payroll.

Charts and Graphs

• PERT Charts ('flow' diagrams) show dependencies between key tasks and their relationships.

Hazard Analysis Techniques

• HAZOP (hazard and operability study) identifies deviations in design.
• Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is a qualitative study.
• Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) is a deductive technique.
• "What-if" analysis helps evaluate hypothetical scenarios.

System Analysis Techniques

• Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA) discovers physical/functional incompatibilities between elements
• Critical Incident Technique (CIT) interviews individuals about accidents, near misses and hazardous conditions.
• Event Tree Analysis (ETA) is a forward analysis, beginning with an initiating event.
• Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa/Fishbone) identifies causative factors in a particular outcome.
• Fishbone diagrams use six "Ms" (Manpower, Methods, Metrics, Machines, Materials, Minutes) to analyze accident causes.

Safety Management

• Includes strategies such as the "3 Es" (Engineering, Education, Enforcement).
• Also includes conflict theory, incongruence theory, and MBO (Management By Objectives.)
• Establishes a span of control to manage the ratio of employees to their manager (1 supervisor per 5 direct reports recommended). All of these principles should be considered in developing a strong safety management plan.

Reliability and Fault Tolerance

• Series reliability (R=R1 x R2 x... Rn) : all components must function for the system work.
• Parallel reliability ( R = 1 - (1-R1) x (1-R2): a system works even if one component fails.
• Probability of Failure (system): Pf=(1-Ps)

Probability and Statistics

• Statistics and probability principles are utilized in identifying the likelihood of failure in a system.
• Data from multiple machines A, B, and C are utilized to establish a probability of failure at the component level.

Accident Analysis

• Domino theory describes accidents as related events culminating in an incident.
• Heinrich's domino theory (88/10/2): 88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions, 2% unavoidable, is referenced in the analysis phase.
• Multiple Cause theory states accident causation is through a series of random, related or unrelated actions creating interactions.
• Causal factors are considered in analysis: unsafe behaviors, system weaknesses, & hazardous conditions.

Classification and Measurement

• Impacts of failures are classified (catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible) for severity scoring.
• Likert scale is noted as a measurement of attitude.

Change Analysis (Management of Change)

• Best practice to manage safety, health, and environmental risks, which is controlled when changes are implemented.
• Changes in workplace layout, materials, process technology, and inspections, audits, & maintenance require a review at this stage of change management.
• Change analysis includes a review of documented actions taken and posts on boards.

Accident Analysis (additional)

• Domino Theory: events leading to an injury or illness.
• Heinrich's Domino Theory (88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions, 2% unavoidable).
• Multiple Cause Theory: results from combined elements, not just single causes.
• Causal factors analyzed which include hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, & weaknesses of the system.
• Classifying failure implications (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
• Likert Scale: used for attitude measurement.

Communication Styles

• Passive Communication: avoiding expressions of opinions or feelings.
• Aggressive Communication: violates other's rights and doesn't account for others' feelings.

Contingency Planning

• Identify potential events that can disrupt business operations.
• Develop a plan to minimize disruption and return to normal operations quickly.
• Review & update these contingency plans at least once per year.

Management Theories

• Likert's Theory: employee participation at all levels, and supervisor control is inversely proportional.
• BHR Theory: no details provided.
• Herzberg's Theory: no details provided,
• McGregor's Theory: no details provided
• Deming Cycle: plan, do, check, act (for management planning).
• Drucker's Management by Objectives: involves determining objectives aligned to managements plans, and ensures employees efforts are managed in the same manner.
• Deming's Total Quality Management: focuses on continual improvement while decreasing costs.

Epidemiologic Theory

• The relationship between environmental factors & illness/disease.

William Haddon's Energy Theory

• Accidents involve energy transfer

Multiple Factor Theories

• Four M's: Man, Machine, Media, and Management, involved in accident/incident or injury causation.
• Examples: Man (recklessness, nervousness), Machine (poorly designed equipment), Media (environmental factors), and Management (system failure).

Management Styles

• Directive Autocrat: decisions unilaterally, close supervision.
• Examples: controlling style frequently used in dangerous work environments where control is paramount.

OSHA Regulations (additional)

• Reporting requirements apply to OSHA 300 Log and 300A.
• OSHA 300 log records injuries/illnesses.
• Records requirements and deadlines apply for injury reporting (deadlines).
• Reporting requirements for record-keeping deadlines exist.

Employer Participation

• Employees are involved in safety and health programs via input and recommendations

Safety Recognition Programs

• Comprised of management and employee representatives at the company level.
• Meet monthly to discuss safety and health matters, record minutes for future reference, and are involved in problem-solving.

Third-Party Lawsuits

• Employee suing product manufacturers or other organizations/individuals in an incident.

Theories of Liability

• Warranty: not liable for all injuries from a product.
• Negligence: includes acts & omissions of liability or harm.
• Strict Liability: liable for injuries caused by defective products.

Reducing Liability Risks

• Manufacturers minimize liability through safe product design and manufacturing, adequate warnings, periodic inspections and maintenance, and adequate legal counsel.

Job Safety Analysis

• Breaks tasks into steps and identifies hazards.
• Requires controls for those hazards.
• Charts that specify steps, potential hazards, and incident causation/prevention programs.