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Questions and Answers
What is the recommended span of control ratio for one manager?
What is the recommended span of control ratio for one manager?
Which reliability calculation indicates that the failure of one component leads to the system failing?
Which reliability calculation indicates that the failure of one component leads to the system failing?
According to Heinrich's domino theory, what percentage of accidents is caused by unsafe acts?
According to Heinrich's domino theory, what percentage of accidents is caused by unsafe acts?
What technique is used in the design stage to identify deviations in the design?
What technique is used in the design stage to identify deviations in the design?
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Which accident analysis theory suggests that eliminating one accident event does not necessarily prevent future accidents?
Which accident analysis theory suggests that eliminating one accident event does not necessarily prevent future accidents?
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What is one of the employer's responsibilities during an OSHA inspection?
What is one of the employer's responsibilities during an OSHA inspection?
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Which of the following is NOT an expected action of employees regarding safety?
Which of the following is NOT an expected action of employees regarding safety?
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What must an employer do when they receive an OSHA citation?
What must an employer do when they receive an OSHA citation?
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What should be the first priority during an OSHA inspection?
What should be the first priority during an OSHA inspection?
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What type of analysis breaks a job into basic steps to identify hazards?
What type of analysis breaks a job into basic steps to identify hazards?
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Which record is NOT typically required under OSHA regulations?
Which record is NOT typically required under OSHA regulations?
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What concept is used in court to assess potential misuse of products?
What concept is used in court to assess potential misuse of products?
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What is one of OSHA's primary responsibilities?
What is one of OSHA's primary responsibilities?
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Who is exempt from OSHA regulations?
Who is exempt from OSHA regulations?
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What type of record is OSHA Form 300 used for?
What type of record is OSHA Form 300 used for?
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What is required of employers under OSHA rules regarding workplace conditions?
What is required of employers under OSHA rules regarding workplace conditions?
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Which of the following is a focus of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) programs?
Which of the following is a focus of Behavior-Based Safety (BBS) programs?
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How is ROI (Return on Investment) in training calculated?
How is ROI (Return on Investment) in training calculated?
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Which type of insurance requires companies to create a reserve fund?
Which type of insurance requires companies to create a reserve fund?
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What is a PERT Chart used for?
What is a PERT Chart used for?
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Which of the following describes HAZOP analysis?
Which of the following describes HAZOP analysis?
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What is the primary purpose of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
What is the primary purpose of a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)?
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Which analysis technique focuses on examining the consequences of an initiating event?
Which analysis technique focuses on examining the consequences of an initiating event?
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What does the cause and effect diagram, also known as a Fishbone diagram, specifically help identify?
What does the cause and effect diagram, also known as a Fishbone diagram, specifically help identify?
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What is the recommended span of control for managers according to the content?
What is the recommended span of control for managers according to the content?
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In terms of reliability, what is the formula to calculate Series Reliability?
In terms of reliability, what is the formula to calculate Series Reliability?
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Which of the following best describes Parallel Reliability?
Which of the following best describes Parallel Reliability?
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What does the domino theory suggest about accidents?
What does the domino theory suggest about accidents?
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What do the 'three E's of safety' refer to?
What do the 'three E's of safety' refer to?
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What is the primary focus of the Critical Incident Techniques (CIT)?
What is the primary focus of the Critical Incident Techniques (CIT)?
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According to Heinrich's theory, what percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe acts?
According to Heinrich's theory, what percentage of accidents are caused by unsafe acts?
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Which technique is used during the design stage to identify deviations?
Which technique is used during the design stage to identify deviations?
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In a system producing defective parts, what is the formula used to calculate the Probability of Failure for a system?
In a system producing defective parts, what is the formula used to calculate the Probability of Failure for a system?
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What does the Likert scale primarily measure?
What does the Likert scale primarily measure?
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What does Zonal inspection typically involve?
What does Zonal inspection typically involve?
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What is the purpose of the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)?
What is the purpose of the Management Oversight and Risk Tree (MORT)?
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Which analysis method is described as a forward analysis starting with an initiating event?
Which analysis method is described as a forward analysis starting with an initiating event?
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What does the term 'zonal' refer to in hazard analysis?
What does the term 'zonal' refer to in hazard analysis?
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In fishbone analysis, which of the following is NOT one of the six Ms?
In fishbone analysis, which of the following is NOT one of the six Ms?
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What does the Conflict Theory primarily address in management?
What does the Conflict Theory primarily address in management?
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What is the primary focus of the Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)?
What is the primary focus of the Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA)?
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Study Notes
Types of Bodily Reactions
- Bodily reactions can be caused by stress from body movement or unusual positions.
- Overexposure can lead to injury from harmful energy, lack of energy, or substances.
System Causation Theory
- Focus on fixing the system, not assigning blame.
- Disciplinary action is inappropriate if the safety management system failed employees.
Accident Investigation
- The purpose is to determine the facts, not assign blame.
- A seven-step process includes:
- Securing the accident scene.
- Documenting the accident scene.
- Conducting interviews.
- Identifying the sequence of events.
- Conducting surface and root cause analysis.
- Determining solutions.
- Writing the report.
Accident Investigation Characteristics
- At least two competent persons should conduct investigations.
- Investigators should be properly trained.
- Reports should identify surface and root causes of accidents, and provide recommendations to address hazardous conditions and unsafe work practices.
OSHA Recordkeeping
- OSHA Form 300 classifies work-related injuries and illnesses.
- This form tracks the extent and severity of each case.
- OSHA recordkeeping collects data on occupational injuries and illnesses nationwide.
- Employers must keep a separate OSHA 300 Log for each establishment expected to operate for one year or longer.
- OSHA 300A is a summary of work-related injuries and illnesses.
Workers' Compensation
- Workers' compensation provides medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or made ill at work.
Injury and Illness Reporting
- An injury or illness is work-related if a work environment event or exposure caused or significantly aggravated the condition.
- Employers must determine if the workplace contributed to or aggravated an injury/illness.
Safety Culture
- OSHA defines safety culture as a combination of an organization's attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, values, and ways of doing things.
Management Styles
- Directive Democrat: allows participation in decision-making while closely supervising employees.
- Directive Autocrat: makes decisions unilaterally while closely supervising.
- Permissive Democrat: allows participation in decision-making, giving latitude in completing work.
Accident Theories
- Heinrich's Domino Theory: unsafe acts, conditions, social traits, injury, accident.
- Human Factors Theory: accidents are entirely the result of human error.
- Accident/Incident Theory: additional elements (ergonomics, decision to err, system failures) contribute to accidents.
- Systems Theory: relationships between man, machine systems, and surroundings contributing to accidents.
- Energy Release Theory: transfer of energy, in large amounts at rapid rates, is involved in accidents.
- Combination Theory: accidents result from a combination of factors.
Health and Safety Program Audits
- Essential methods include document review, employee interviews, and site conditions.
- Effective programs include management commitment, employee involvement, worksite analysis, hazard prevention/control, and health/safety training.
ANSI Standards
- ANSI standards are developed or revised considering impacted stakeholders.
- Seven sections of Z 10 relevant standards (Management Leadership, Employee Participation, Planning, Implementation/Operation, Evaluation, Corrective Action, Management Review) are listed.
Employee Rights and Responsibilities
- Employees have the right to access their medical and exposure records.
- Employees read OSHA posters, follow safety rules and wear proper gear.
- Employees report hazardous conditions (to supervisors or safety committees, or to OSHA, if the employer doesn't correct).
- Employees expect a safe work environment.
OSHA Inspections and Process
- During an inspection, employers receive notification of the reason.
- Employer is required to assist the OSHA compliance officer.
- Confidentiality of trade secrets is important.
- OSHA prioritizes inspections following imminent danger, catastrophes, fatal accidents, and employee complaints.
- Additional priorities are programmed high-hazard and follow-up inspections,
OSHA Citations
- Citations are sent via certified mail and must be posted for a period of 3 days or until the violation has been abated.
- OSHA record-keeping regulations apply to record work-related fatalities, injuries, and illnesses.
Liability and Records
- Manufacturers/sellers minimize liability via defense strategies (design, manufacturing, packaging, marketplace, attorneys).
- Records include incident reports, training, exposure, and equipment records
Job Safety Analysis and Risk Assessment
- JSA breaks jobs into steps, identifies hazards, and prescribes controls.
- Gross Hazard Analysis is a rough risk assessment in early accident investigation stages.
- Bathtub curve displays typical failure rate over time.
- Fault tolerance is not related to system failure timing.
- Series Reliability (R=R1 x R2 x ... Rn) means all components must function for the system to work.
- Parallel Reliability (R = 1 - (1-R1) x (1-R2)) indicates a system works if one component fails.
- probability of failure calculation pf= (1-ps) for system.
Classifying Failure Impacts
- Failure impacts are classified (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
- Likert scale is used to measure attitude.
Health and Safety Performance
- Measurements of safety performance (TCIRs and DARTs) have limited value for future prediction.
- Effective health and safety goals/objectives follow SMART principles.
OSHA Overview
- OSHA's primary responsibilities include encouraging safety practices, workplace hazard reduction, research, and education for workplace safety problems.
- They also established separate but dependent employer/employee responsibilities, and rights to better safety/health conditions.
- Includes maintaining reporting and record-keeping systems to monitor job-related injuries and illness, and developing mandatory job safety/health standards.
Coverage under the OSH Act
- All private sector employers with one or more workers in all 50 states and US territories are covered.
OSHA Rules and Regulations
- OSHA requires a warrant to enter a workplace for inspections.
- Horizontal standards apply to general industries, and vertical standards to specific industries.
Employer Rights and Responsibilities
- Employers must ensure compliance with standards, reduce hazards, and provide training and safety materials.
- Employers need to maintain OSHA required records in those workplaces with 10 or fewer employees.
OSHA Recordkeeping System
- OSHA Form 300 is used to classify work-related injuries and illnesses.
- Record keeping is crucial for collecting uniform data on occupational injuries and illnesses.
- Employers use the system for inspection targeting and performance measurement.
- Applicable to low-hazard industry exemptions, standard development, and resource allocation.
Workers' Compensation
- Compensation is intended to provide medical coverage and compensation for workers injured or made ill at work.
- Recordable cases may not always be financially compensable.
Behavior Theory
- Behavior-based safety focuses on intervening to identify internal factors driving employee behavior.
Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Methods that firms utilize to determine the return on investment (ROI) in a project or program.
- Calculating ROI (Cost / Investment) x 100 = % ROI, payback period calculation.
- Determination of worthiness of project expense given time, money, and energy.
Insurance and Liability
- Types of insurance include private insurance policies and self-insured benefits
- Self-insured companies need a large reserve fund to cover claims
- Premiums are calculated based on worker payroll.
Charts and Graphs
- PERT Charts ('flow' diagrams) show dependencies between key tasks and their relationships.
Hazard Analysis Techniques
- HAZOP (hazard and operability study) identifies deviations in design.
- Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is a qualitative study.
- Functional Hazard Analysis (FHA) is a deductive technique.
- "What-if" analysis helps evaluate hypothetical scenarios.
System Analysis Techniques
- Systems Hazard Analysis (SHA) discovers physical/functional incompatibilities between elements
- Critical Incident Technique (CIT) interviews individuals about accidents, near misses and hazardous conditions.
- Event Tree Analysis (ETA) is a forward analysis, beginning with an initiating event.
- Cause and Effect Diagram (Ishikawa/Fishbone) identifies causative factors in a particular outcome.
- Fishbone diagrams use six "Ms" (Manpower, Methods, Metrics, Machines, Materials, Minutes) to analyze accident causes.
Safety Management
- Includes strategies such as the "3 Es" (Engineering, Education, Enforcement).
- Also includes conflict theory, incongruence theory, and MBO (Management By Objectives.)
- Establishes a span of control to manage the ratio of employees to their manager (1 supervisor per 5 direct reports recommended). All of these principles should be considered in developing a strong safety management plan.
Reliability and Fault Tolerance
- Series reliability (R=R1 x R2 x... Rn) : all components must function for the system work.
- Parallel reliability ( R = 1 - (1-R1) x (1-R2): a system works even if one component fails.
- Probability of Failure (system): Pf=(1-Ps)
Probability and Statistics
- Statistics and probability principles are utilized in identifying the likelihood of failure in a system.
- Data from multiple machines A, B, and C are utilized to establish a probability of failure at the component level.
Accident Analysis
- Domino theory describes accidents as related events culminating in an incident.
- Heinrich's domino theory (88/10/2): 88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions, 2% unavoidable, is referenced in the analysis phase.
- Multiple Cause theory states accident causation is through a series of random, related or unrelated actions creating interactions.
- Causal factors are considered in analysis: unsafe behaviors, system weaknesses, & hazardous conditions.
Classification and Measurement
- Impacts of failures are classified (catastrophic, critical, marginal, and negligible) for severity scoring.
- Likert scale is noted as a measurement of attitude.
Change Analysis (Management of Change)
- Best practice to manage safety, health, and environmental risks, which is controlled when changes are implemented.
- Changes in workplace layout, materials, process technology, and inspections, audits, & maintenance require a review at this stage of change management.
- Change analysis includes a review of documented actions taken and posts on boards.
Accident Analysis (additional)
- Domino Theory: events leading to an injury or illness.
- Heinrich's Domino Theory (88% unsafe acts, 10% unsafe conditions, 2% unavoidable).
- Multiple Cause Theory: results from combined elements, not just single causes.
- Causal factors analyzed which include hazardous conditions, unsafe behaviors, & weaknesses of the system.
- Classifying failure implications (catastrophic, critical, marginal, negligible).
- Likert Scale: used for attitude measurement.
Communication Styles
- Passive Communication: avoiding expressions of opinions or feelings.
- Aggressive Communication: violates other's rights and doesn't account for others' feelings.
Contingency Planning
- Identify potential events that can disrupt business operations.
- Develop a plan to minimize disruption and return to normal operations quickly.
- Review & update these contingency plans at least once per year.
Management Theories
- Likert's Theory: employee participation at all levels, and supervisor control is inversely proportional.
- BHR Theory: no details provided.
- Herzberg's Theory: no details provided,
- McGregor's Theory: no details provided
- Deming Cycle: plan, do, check, act (for management planning).
- Drucker's Management by Objectives: involves determining objectives aligned to managements plans, and ensures employees efforts are managed in the same manner.
- Deming's Total Quality Management: focuses on continual improvement while decreasing costs.
Epidemiologic Theory
- The relationship between environmental factors & illness/disease.
William Haddon's Energy Theory
- Accidents involve energy transfer
Multiple Factor Theories
- Four M's: Man, Machine, Media, and Management, involved in accident/incident or injury causation.
- Examples: Man (recklessness, nervousness), Machine (poorly designed equipment), Media (environmental factors), and Management (system failure).
Management Styles
- Directive Autocrat: decisions unilaterally, close supervision.
- Examples: controlling style frequently used in dangerous work environments where control is paramount.
OSHA Regulations (additional)
- Reporting requirements apply to OSHA 300 Log and 300A.
- OSHA 300 log records injuries/illnesses.
- Records requirements and deadlines apply for injury reporting (deadlines).
- Reporting requirements for record-keeping deadlines exist.
Employer Participation
- Employees are involved in safety and health programs via input and recommendations
Safety Recognition Programs
- Comprised of management and employee representatives at the company level.
- Meet monthly to discuss safety and health matters, record minutes for future reference, and are involved in problem-solving.
Third-Party Lawsuits
- Employee suing product manufacturers or other organizations/individuals in an incident.
Theories of Liability
- Warranty: not liable for all injuries from a product.
- Negligence: includes acts & omissions of liability or harm.
- Strict Liability: liable for injuries caused by defective products.
Reducing Liability Risks
- Manufacturers minimize liability through safe product design and manufacturing, adequate warnings, periodic inspections and maintenance, and adequate legal counsel.
Job Safety Analysis
- Breaks tasks into steps and identifies hazards.
- Requires controls for those hazards.
- Charts that specify steps, potential hazards, and incident causation/prevention programs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on OSHA regulations and safety management practices. This quiz covers important topics such as span of control, accident analysis theories, and employer responsibilities during inspections. Strengthen your understanding of workplace safety standards and procedures.
