Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is one potential difficulty of division of labor in an organization?
What is one potential difficulty of division of labor in an organization?
What is a key feature of Max Weber's bureaucratic organization?
What is a key feature of Max Weber's bureaucratic organization?
Which principle of scientific approach focuses on the use of legitimate power?
Which principle of scientific approach focuses on the use of legitimate power?
How does administrative management by Henri Fayol aim to improve organizational productivity?
How does administrative management by Henri Fayol aim to improve organizational productivity?
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What are characteristics of a bureaucratic organization?
What are characteristics of a bureaucratic organization?
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What is the approach whereby supervisors assign tasks to separate employees and hold them responsible for completing these tasks?
What is the approach whereby supervisors assign tasks to separate employees and hold them responsible for completing these tasks?
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According to the principles of scientific approach, what should organizations use to ensure predictability and stability?
According to the principles of scientific approach, what should organizations use to ensure predictability and stability?
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What does the division of specialization principle in administrative theory aim to achieve?
What does the division of specialization principle in administrative theory aim to achieve?
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Which part of an organization is specifically responsible for ensuring that overall goals set by the strategic apex are being carried out?
Which part of an organization is specifically responsible for ensuring that overall goals set by the strategic apex are being carried out?
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In Mintzberg's Structural Theory, which part is most associated with executive leadership?
In Mintzberg's Structural Theory, which part is most associated with executive leadership?
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What are the primary responsibilities of the Technostructure according to Mintzberg's Structural Theory?
What are the primary responsibilities of the Technostructure according to Mintzberg's Structural Theory?
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Which of the following is considered a side effect of an organization’s ideology?
Which of the following is considered a side effect of an organization’s ideology?
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Which function within an organization involves transforming raw goods into sellable products?
Which function within an organization involves transforming raw goods into sellable products?
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According to the Neoclassical Theory, which aspect of managing organizations is highlighted?
According to the Neoclassical Theory, which aspect of managing organizations is highlighted?
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What primary role does the Support Staff play in an organization according to Mintzberg?
What primary role does the Support Staff play in an organization according to Mintzberg?
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In Mintzberg's Structural Theory, which part contains employees who behave in accordance with their sincere conviction in the organization’s value system?
In Mintzberg's Structural Theory, which part contains employees who behave in accordance with their sincere conviction in the organization’s value system?
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Which of the following statements best describes Theory X?
Which of the following statements best describes Theory X?
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Which is a key aspect of Theory Y?
Which is a key aspect of Theory Y?
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What does the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the context of Theory X and Theory Y suggest?
What does the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy in the context of Theory X and Theory Y suggest?
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What primarily determines whether a worker performs their job properly?
What primarily determines whether a worker performs their job properly?
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Which individual difference trait is most related to work motivation?
Which individual difference trait is most related to work motivation?
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How does Theory Y view the nature of employees?
How does Theory Y view the nature of employees?
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What is the primary role of management according to Theory Y?
What is the primary role of management according to Theory Y?
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Which of the following does NOT align with Theory X?
Which of the following does NOT align with Theory X?
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Which principle asserts that reinforcement is relative and can involve seemingly insignificant rewards?
Which principle asserts that reinforcement is relative and can involve seemingly insignificant rewards?
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Which type of incentive plan bases rewards on performance appraisal scores instead of production measures?
Which type of incentive plan bases rewards on performance appraisal scores instead of production measures?
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According to J. Stacey Adam's Equity Theory, what causes dissatisfaction among employees?
According to J. Stacey Adam's Equity Theory, what causes dissatisfaction among employees?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is NOT a type of reinforcement mentioned in the content?
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What is essential for the effectiveness of punishers, according to the content?
What is essential for the effectiveness of punishers, according to the content?
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What type of rewards are used in recognition programs?
What type of rewards are used in recognition programs?
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What key factor does Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory emphasize as essential for motivation?
What key factor does Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory emphasize as essential for motivation?
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Which schedule of reinforcement deals with varying the time interval between rewards?
Which schedule of reinforcement deals with varying the time interval between rewards?
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What is the primary focus of an organization as per Classical Organizational Theory?
What is the primary focus of an organization as per Classical Organizational Theory?
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In classical organizational theory, what is a 'system of differentiated activities'?
In classical organizational theory, what is a 'system of differentiated activities'?
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According to the Span-Of-Control Principle, what type of organizational structure is produced by a large span-of-control?
According to the Span-Of-Control Principle, what type of organizational structure is produced by a large span-of-control?
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What does the Scalar Principle refer to in an organization?
What does the Scalar Principle refer to in an organization?
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Which principle focuses on dividing an organization into units performing similar functions?
Which principle focuses on dividing an organization into units performing similar functions?
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What is a 'line function' in an organization?
What is a 'line function' in an organization?
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According to Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor, which principle should be applied to increase worker efficiency?
According to Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor, which principle should be applied to increase worker efficiency?
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How does Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management concept view an organization?
How does Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management concept view an organization?
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Which element is NOT a part of the basic ingredient of any organization in Classical Organizational Theory?
Which element is NOT a part of the basic ingredient of any organization in Classical Organizational Theory?
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What should the advantages of productivity improvement go to according to Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor?
What should the advantages of productivity improvement go to according to Scientific Management by Frederick Taylor?
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Which effect describes the relationship between an individual's self-expectations and their performance?
Which effect describes the relationship between an individual's self-expectations and their performance?
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Which core job characteristic is concerned with providing employees freedom and independence in scheduling their work?
Which core job characteristic is concerned with providing employees freedom and independence in scheduling their work?
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Employees who have a strong need for power are particularly motivated by which desire?
Employees who have a strong need for power are particularly motivated by which desire?
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Which motivation type is driven by rewards or avoidance of negative consequences?
Which motivation type is driven by rewards or avoidance of negative consequences?
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What does the Golem Effect refer to?
What does the Golem Effect refer to?
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Which survey instrument is used to measure intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Which survey instrument is used to measure intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
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What is the primary focus of the Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model?
What is the primary focus of the Hackman and Oldham's Job Characteristics Model?
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Which term is used to describe an overall feeling a person has about themselves?
Which term is used to describe an overall feeling a person has about themselves?
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In Consistency Theory, what is a common behavior of employees with low self-esteem?
In Consistency Theory, what is a common behavior of employees with low self-esteem?
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Which effect occurs when a manager's high expectations lead to better performance in employees?
Which effect occurs when a manager's high expectations lead to better performance in employees?
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According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which factor is related to job satisfaction?
According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which factor is related to job satisfaction?
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Under McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory, which need involves a desire for moderate levels of risk or difficulty?
Under McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory, which need involves a desire for moderate levels of risk or difficulty?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Four-Drive Theory?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Four-Drive Theory?
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What does the self-regulation theory emphasize about employee behavior?
What does the self-regulation theory emphasize about employee behavior?
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Which level within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs becomes the next strongest motivator once physiological needs are satisfied?
Which level within Maslow’s hierarchy of needs becomes the next strongest motivator once physiological needs are satisfied?
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What is an example of a 'hygiene' factor in Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?
What is an example of a 'hygiene' factor in Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory?
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In Alderfer’s ERG Theory, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of need?
In Alderfer’s ERG Theory, which of the following is NOT one of the levels of need?
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Which theory states that human motivation is driven by the need for food, air, water, and shelter?
Which theory states that human motivation is driven by the need for food, air, water, and shelter?
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Which theory posits that behavior is influenced primarily by its consequences?
Which theory posits that behavior is influenced primarily by its consequences?
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Which need in McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory is oriented toward organizational objectives?
Which need in McClelland’s Achievement Motivation Theory is oriented toward organizational objectives?
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What is a key assumption of Open Systems Theory by Katz & Kahn?
What is a key assumption of Open Systems Theory by Katz & Kahn?
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Which of the following represents the concept of negative entropy in Open Systems Theory?
Which of the following represents the concept of negative entropy in Open Systems Theory?
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According to the Open Systems Theory, what is necessary for an organization to continue functioning effectively?
According to the Open Systems Theory, what is necessary for an organization to continue functioning effectively?
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Which element matches the description: 'production processes, service, training'?
Which element matches the description: 'production processes, service, training'?
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In Joan Woodward's contingency model, which type of manufacturer is associated with a large span of control and a long chain of command?
In Joan Woodward's contingency model, which type of manufacturer is associated with a large span of control and a long chain of command?
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Lawrence and Lorsch suggest that the _______ of the environment dictates the most effective form of organization.
Lawrence and Lorsch suggest that the _______ of the environment dictates the most effective form of organization.
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Which organizational structure is suggested for unstable environments according to Lawrence and Lorsch?
Which organizational structure is suggested for unstable environments according to Lawrence and Lorsch?
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Fiedler's Contingency Model posits that:
Fiedler's Contingency Model posits that:
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Which term refers to the complexity of an organization’s structure according to Lawrence and Lorsch?
Which term refers to the complexity of an organization’s structure according to Lawrence and Lorsch?
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Which of the following best encapsulates the concept of equifinality?
Which of the following best encapsulates the concept of equifinality?
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Which leadership style in the Path-Goal Theory involves showing concern for employees?
Which leadership style in the Path-Goal Theory involves showing concern for employees?
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In Situational Leadership Theory, which style is used when followers are unwilling and unable?
In Situational Leadership Theory, which style is used when followers are unwilling and unable?
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What does the 'In-Group' in Leader-Member Exchange Theory represent?
What does the 'In-Group' in Leader-Member Exchange Theory represent?
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According to Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT one of the innate psychological needs?
According to Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory, which of the following is NOT one of the innate psychological needs?
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Which of the following is a subsystem in the Systems Approach?
Which of the following is a subsystem in the Systems Approach?
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In the Systems Approach, what type of system interacts with the environment?
In the Systems Approach, what type of system interacts with the environment?
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What does the Socio-Technical Approach emphasize for organizational effectiveness?
What does the Socio-Technical Approach emphasize for organizational effectiveness?
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Which concept refers to the idea that social and technological systems should fit one another as much as possible?
Which concept refers to the idea that social and technological systems should fit one another as much as possible?
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According to the Systems Approach, which element deals with communication, balance, and decision analysis?
According to the Systems Approach, which element deals with communication, balance, and decision analysis?
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What is a key principle of the Contingency or Situational Approach?
What is a key principle of the Contingency or Situational Approach?
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According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which component refers to the perceived relationship between effort and outcome?
According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, which component refers to the perceived relationship between effort and outcome?
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Which component of the MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance includes natural aptitudes and learned capabilities?
Which component of the MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance includes natural aptitudes and learned capabilities?
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In Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait is characterized by being outgoing and energetic?
In Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait is characterized by being outgoing and energetic?
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Organization Justice Theory states that employee motivation increases when what type of justice is perceived as high?
Organization Justice Theory states that employee motivation increases when what type of justice is perceived as high?
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Which aspect of motivation in the MARS Model refers to the length of time an individual maintains effort towards a goal?
Which aspect of motivation in the MARS Model refers to the length of time an individual maintains effort towards a goal?
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In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what does Instrumentality primarily relate to?
In Vroom's Expectancy Theory, what does Instrumentality primarily relate to?
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Which concept within the MARS Model explains how clearly individuals understand their job duties?
Which concept within the MARS Model explains how clearly individuals understand their job duties?
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In Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait is characterized by anxiety and insecurity?
In Costa & McCrae’s Five Factor Model of Personality, which trait is characterized by anxiety and insecurity?
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Which of the following is not a key factor in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance?
Which of the following is not a key factor in the MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance?
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Which aspect of Organization Justice Theory focuses on the fairness of the procedures used to make decisions?
Which aspect of Organization Justice Theory focuses on the fairness of the procedures used to make decisions?
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Study Notes
Organizational Theory
- Organization: a collectivity of parts that cannot accomplish their goals effectively if they operated separately; a tool people use to coordinate their actions to obtain something they desire or value to achieve a goal.
- Organizational Theory: a set of propositions that explains or predicts how groups and individuals behave in varying organizational structures and circumstances.
Classical Theory
- Classical Organizational Theory: organizations exist for economic reasons and to accomplish productivity goals.
- Assumes there is one best configuration to accomplish goals.
- Scientific Analysis: identifies the one best way to organize for production.
- Deals with the formal organization and concepts to increase management efficiency.
- Both people and organizations act in accordance with rational economic principles.
Principles of Classical Theory
- Functional Principle: organizations should be divided into units that perform similar functions into areas of specialization.
- Scalar Principle: deals with the organization's vertical growth and refers to the chain of command that grows with levels added to the organization.
- Line/Staff Principle: line functions have primary responsibilities for meeting the major goals of the organization, while staff functions support the line's activities.
- Span-Of-Control Principle: refers to the number of subordinates a manager is responsible for supervising.
Scientific Management
- Scientific Management: emphasizes the application of scientific principles to improve worker efficiency and productivity.
- Principles: planning of work, standardization, specialization, simplification, and elimination of physical stress and anxiety.
- Goals: improve worker efficiency, increase productivity, and reduce costs.
Structural Theory
- Structural Theory: organizations evolve to reach a certain form and shape that permits the organization to function in its surroundings.
- Seven Basic Parts of an Organization: operating core, strategic apex, middle line, technostructure, support staff, ideology, and politics.
Neoclassical Theory
- Neoclassical Theory: recognizes the importance of individual or group behavior and emphasizes human relations.
- Also known as Behavioral Theory of Organization, Human Relations, or New Classical Theory of Management.
- Emphasizes the importance of employee motivation and interpersonal relationships.
Bureaucracy
- Bureaucracy: a form of organization characterized by a formal hierarchy, division of labor, and a clear set of operating procedures.
- Characteristics: specialization of labor, well-defined authority hierarchy, formal rules and procedures, and impersonality.
Administrative Management
- Administrative Management: aims to improve organizational productivity by focusing on methods that managers can use to synchronize internal processes.
- Elements: line and staff, committee, and function of management.
- Principles: division of specialization, employed, and underemployed.
Humanistic Theory
- Humanistic Theory: organizational success is achieved through employee motivation and interpersonal relationships.
- Theory X and Theory Y: managers' beliefs and assumptions about their employees determine how they behave towards those employees.
- Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: employees learn to act and believe in ways consistent with how managers think they act and believe.
Motivation
- Motivation: the internal force that drives a worker to action, as well as the external factors that encourage that action.
- Intrinsic Motivation: employees perform well because they enjoy the tasks or the challenge of successfully completing the task.
- Extrinsic Motivation: employees perform well to receive a reward or avoid negative consequences.
- Work Preference Inventory: measures intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
Other Humanistic/Motivational Theories
- Job Expectations Theory: a discrepancy between what an employee expected a job to be like and the reality of the job can affect motivation and satisfaction.
- Job Characteristics Theory: employees desire jobs that are meaningful, provide them with opportunity to be personally responsible for the outcome of their work, and provide them with feedback of the results of their efforts.
- Core Job Characteristics: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, and feedback.
- Abraham Maslow's Need Hierarchy: employees have different levels of needs, including physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.
ERG Theory
- ERG Theory: individuals can be motivated by multiple levels of need at the same time, and the level which is most important to them can change over time.
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory
- Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: some factors may cause job satisfaction and dissatisfaction, including motivators (related to the work itself) and hygiene (related to the context in which people perform the job).
McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory
- McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory: three needs are central to work motivation, including the need for achievement, power, and affiliation.
Four-Drive Theory
- Four-Drive Theory: emotions are the source of human motivation, and these emotions are generated through four innate and universal drives, including the drive to acquire, bond, comprehend, and defend.
Self-Regulation Theory
- Self-Regulation Theory: employees monitor their own progress toward attaining goals and then make the necessary adjustments.
Reinforcement Theory
- Reinforcement Theory: behavior is motivated by consequences, and employees will engage in behaviors for which they are rewarded and avoid behaviors for which they are punished.
Factors to Consider in Determining the Effectiveness of Incentive Programs
- Timing: reinforcers or punishers are most effective when they happen soon after the performance of the behavior.
- Contingency of Consequences: employees should understand the behavior that led to the reward or punishment.
- Type of Incentive: supervisors should know about different types of reinforcers.
- Premack Principle: reinforcement is relative, and a supervisor can reinforce an employee with something that seems insignificant.
- Financial Rewards: motivate better performance by making variable pay a part of the employee's compensation package or by using financial rewards as a bonus for accomplishing goals.
- Recognition: reward through a recognition program.
- Social Recognition: personal attention, signs of approval, etc.
- Travel: offer travel rewards instead of financial rewards.### Performance Management
- Pay for Performance: also known as earnings-at-risk (EAR) plans, where employees are paid based on their production.
- Merit Pay: bases incentives on performance appraisal scores rather than objective performance measures.
Group Incentive Plans
- Profit Sharing: provides employees with a percentage of profits above a specific amount.
Fairness of the Reward System
- Reinforcement: increases behavior, and can be either positive (adding something) or negative (removing something).
- Punishment: decreases behavior.
Schedules
- 4 types of schedules: Fixed Interval, Fixed Ratio, Variable Interval, and Variable Ratio.
Organizational Behavior Modification
- Specifies, measures, and rewards certain target behaviors.
Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory
- Emphasizes the role of specific, challenging goals and worker commitment to achieve them.
- Difficult goals result in greater motivation if accepted by workers.
- Goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-Bound).
J. Stacey Adams' Equity Theory
- Based on the premise that motivation and job satisfaction are related to fairness of treatment compared to others.
- Inputs: elements put into a job, such as effort and skills.
- Outputs: elements received from a job, such as pay and benefits.
- Employees compute an input/output ratio to determine fairness.
Industrial Psychology
Open Systems Theory by Katz & Kahn
- Organizations develop and change over time due to external and internal forces.
- Must interact with the environment to survive.
- 3 key elements: Inputs (raw materials, human resources, energy), Throughputs (production processes, service, training), and Outputs/Feedback (products, services, knowledge).
Contingency Theory
- The "it depends" theory, where behavior must be selected to fit the particular circumstance.
- A.Joan Woodward's Contingency Model: organization structure must match the type of production technology.
- B. Lawrence and Lorsch's Model: organization's ability to adapt to external changes depends on differentiation and integration.
- C. Fiedler's Contingency Model: leadership style is effective only in certain situations.
- D. Mintzberg's Contingency Model: organization can be described by looking at several categories of characteristics.
Leadership Theories
- Path-Goal Theory: a leader can adopt one of four behavioral leadership styles to handle each situation.
- Situational Leadership Theory: a leader typically uses one of four behavioral styles.
- Leader-Member Exchange Theory (Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory): focuses on the interactions between leader and subordinates.
- Ryan and Deci's Self-Determination Theory: defined as the person's ability to make choices and manage their own life.
Modern Organization Theory
- Based on the concept that the organization is a system that adapts to changes in its environment.
Organization Approach
- Systems Approach: considers the organization as a system, with subsystems, and focuses on internal dynamics and interaction with the environment.
Socio-Technical Approach
- Based on the premise that every organization consists of people, technical systems, and the environment.
- Equilibrium among the social system, technical system, and the environment is necessary for effectiveness.
Vroom's Expectancy Theory
- Valence: desirability of a particular outcome to an individual.
- Instrumentality: relationship between performance and the likelihood of a certain outcome.
- Expectancy: perceived relationship between effort and outcome.
Organization Justice Theory
- Focuses on fairness of decision-making processes, outcomes, and communication.
- Distributive Justice: fairness of the decision itself.
- Procedural Justice: fairness of the procedures used to arrive at the decision.
MARS Model of Individual Behavior and Performance
- Performance is predicted by Motivation, Ability, Role Perception, and Situational Factors.
- Motivation: represents the forces within a person that affect their direction, intensity, and persistence of voluntary behavior.
- Ability: includes both natural aptitudes and learned capabilities.
- Role Perceptions: how clearly people understand their job duties.
- Situational Factors: any context beyond the employee's immediate control.
Costa & McCrae's Five Factor Model of Personality
- The most researched and respected clustering of personality traits.
- Conscientiousness: organized, dependable, goal-focused, and industrious.
- Agreeableness: trusting, helpful, and good-natured.
- Neuroticism: anxious, insecure, and self-conscious.
- Openness to Experience: imaginative, creative, and autonomous.
- Extraversion: outgoing, talkative, and energetic.
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Description
Quiz on organizational theory, definitions, and classical organizational theory, exploring how groups and individuals behave in varying organizational structures.
