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Questions and Answers
The pressure of a group can frequently have a stronger influence on worker productivity than ______ demands.
The pressure of a group can frequently have a stronger influence on worker productivity than ______ demands.
management
Mayo highlighted that employee ______ can significantly impact productivity.
Mayo highlighted that employee ______ can significantly impact productivity.
morale
A supervisor who shows ______ towards workers can foster better cooperation.
A supervisor who shows ______ towards workers can foster better cooperation.
friendliness
Human and social ______ can outweigh monetary incentives in motivating employee groups.
Human and social ______ can outweigh monetary incentives in motivating employee groups.
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Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change human ______.
Psychology is the science that seeks to measure, explain, and sometimes change human ______.
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The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings is referred to as ______.
The study of people in relation to their fellow human beings is referred to as ______.
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The discipline that focuses on the influence of people on one another is known as ______ psychology.
The discipline that focuses on the influence of people on one another is known as ______ psychology.
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The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities is called ______.
The study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities is called ______.
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Anthropology contributes to the understanding of comparative values, comparative attitudes, and cross-cultural analysis in ______.
Anthropology contributes to the understanding of comparative values, comparative attitudes, and cross-cultural analysis in ______.
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Development of personal styles of ______ can be guided by knowledge of organizational behavior studies.
Development of personal styles of ______ can be guided by knowledge of organizational behavior studies.
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In the area of performance enhancement, benefits can be gained by applying knowledge gathered in the field of ______.
In the area of performance enhancement, benefits can be gained by applying knowledge gathered in the field of ______.
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Being able to deal effectively with others in organizational settings requires understanding of ______.
Being able to deal effectively with others in organizational settings requires understanding of ______.
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OB deals with human behavior at three levels: individual, group and ______.
OB deals with human behavior at three levels: individual, group and ______.
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Personality depends on hereditary, environmental and situational ______.
Personality depends on hereditary, environmental and situational ______.
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Basic convictions of good and bad are referred to as ______ and attitudes.
Basic convictions of good and bad are referred to as ______ and attitudes.
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Leadership styles can be categorized as autocratic, democratic, and ______.
Leadership styles can be categorized as autocratic, democratic, and ______.
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The ABC model of attitude includes Affective, Behavioral, and ______
The ABC model of attitude includes Affective, Behavioral, and ______
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Self-esteem is defined as the respect or regard one has for ______
Self-esteem is defined as the respect or regard one has for ______
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The belief in one's capability to succeed in a certain situation is referred to as self ______
The belief in one's capability to succeed in a certain situation is referred to as self ______
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The extent to which people feel they have control over their lives is known as the locus of ______
The extent to which people feel they have control over their lives is known as the locus of ______
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Organizational culture refers to the pattern of basic ______ passed on to new entrants.
Organizational culture refers to the pattern of basic ______ passed on to new entrants.
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Organizational effectiveness is about having the right ______ and objectives.
Organizational effectiveness is about having the right ______ and objectives.
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The span of control can be classified as narrow or wide in ______ design.
The span of control can be classified as narrow or wide in ______ design.
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The sequence THINK (Cognitive) -----→ FEEL (Affective) -----→ ______ (Behaviour) describes the components of attitude.
The sequence THINK (Cognitive) -----→ FEEL (Affective) -----→ ______ (Behaviour) describes the components of attitude.
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Organizational Behaviour investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and ______ on behaviour within the organisation.
Organizational Behaviour investigates the impact of individuals, groups, and ______ on behaviour within the organisation.
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OB is characterized as an interdisciplinary field that draws knowledge from various sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, and ______.
OB is characterized as an interdisciplinary field that draws knowledge from various sciences such as Psychology, Sociology, and ______.
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The objective of OB is to ______, predict, and control human behaviour.
The objective of OB is to ______, predict, and control human behaviour.
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A factory is not only a techno-economic unit but also a ______ unit, as concluded by Prof. Mayo.
A factory is not only a techno-economic unit but also a ______ unit, as concluded by Prof. Mayo.
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OB seeks to fulfill both employees' needs and ______ objectives.
OB seeks to fulfill both employees' needs and ______ objectives.
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The Current Phase of OB includes understanding cross cultural factors and ______.
The Current Phase of OB includes understanding cross cultural factors and ______.
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The study of OB is less than ______ years old.
The study of OB is less than ______ years old.
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The output increased in the Relay Room due to the effective functioning of a social group with a warm relationship with its ______.
The output increased in the Relay Room due to the effective functioning of a social group with a warm relationship with its ______.
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Psychologist William James described the self as having two sides: the 'me' that is the object of our thoughts and the 'I' that does the ______.
Psychologist William James described the self as having two sides: the 'me' that is the object of our thoughts and the 'I' that does the ______.
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According to Carl Rogers, the three components that make up self-concept are self-image, self-esteem, and ______ self.
According to Carl Rogers, the three components that make up self-concept are self-image, self-esteem, and ______ self.
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A sense of self begins to develop around ______ months of age, as toddlers start to distinguish themselves from others.
A sense of self begins to develop around ______ months of age, as toddlers start to distinguish themselves from others.
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By age ______, children start to define themselves in psychological terms, understanding who they are and who they want to be.
By age ______, children start to define themselves in psychological terms, understanding who they are and who they want to be.
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From ages 7 to 12, children focus on self-regulation and blending their individual self with ______.
From ages 7 to 12, children focus on self-regulation and blending their individual self with ______.
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During adolescence, individuals experiment with their identity and compare themselves with ______.
During adolescence, individuals experiment with their identity and compare themselves with ______.
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Coppersmith's study involved hundreds of fifth and sixth graders, where he selected ______ boys for intensive interviewing to eliminate gender as a factor.
Coppersmith's study involved hundreds of fifth and sixth graders, where he selected ______ boys for intensive interviewing to eliminate gender as a factor.
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Children's opinions of themselves significantly impact their personality development and self ______.
Children's opinions of themselves significantly impact their personality development and self ______.
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Having a fair ______ is important to me.
Having a fair ______ is important to me.
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I am going to request a ______.
I am going to request a ______.
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Attitudes develop with rewarding or punishing ______ with the object.
Attitudes develop with rewarding or punishing ______ with the object.
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Employee attitudes are influenced by their previous job ______.
Employee attitudes are influenced by their previous job ______.
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Operant Conditioning is when we acquire ______ that is accepted.
Operant Conditioning is when we acquire ______ that is accepted.
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Family and peer group influence our ______ about attitudes.
Family and peer group influence our ______ about attitudes.
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Children pick up behavior from parents through ______ learning.
Children pick up behavior from parents through ______ learning.
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Conformity is influenced by peers and ______.
Conformity is influenced by peers and ______.
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Study Notes
Organizational Behavior (OB)
- OB is the study and application of knowledge about how people act in an organization as individuals and groups.
- OB helps understand human behavior in work organizations at individual and group levels.
- OB is a human tool for human benefit. It helps to predict individual behavior.
- OB is an interdisciplinary field combining knowledge from various social sciences (psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, economics).
- OB is an applied behavioral science, action-oriented, and goal-directed. It provides rational thinking about people and their behavior.
- OB is both a science and an art. The systematic knowledge of human behavior is a science, while practical application of behavioral knowledge is an art.
- OB aims to fulfill both employees' needs and organizational objectives.
Goals of OB
- Explain how people act in organizations.
- Explain why they act as they do.
- Provide ways to predict and manage human behavior.
Levels of Analysis
- Individual level
- Group level
- Organizational system level
Development of OB
- OB is a relatively young field, less than 100 years old.
- Early formative years, precursor phase, maturity phase, and current phase can be considered phases of development.
Historical Background
- The Hawthorne Studies (1924-1930s) at Western Electric Company, Illinois, investigated the effects of illumination intensity on worker productivity.
- These studies found that illumination intensity was not directly related to productivity.
- Key findings highlighted the role of social factors in impacting worker performance. (e.g. motivation, relationship with supervisors, social influences)
- Professor Elton Mayo's research redesigned jobs, varied working day lengths, and introduced rest periods. This further shaped OB based theory and practice.
Contributing Disciplines
- Psychology: The science of measuring, explaining, and changing human (and animal) behavior. Its role extends to learning, motivation, personality,emotions,perception,training, and leadership.
- Social Psychology: Combines psychology and sociology, focusing on interpersonal dynamics (influences on one another). This relates to behavioral change, attitudes, communication styles, group processes, and group decision making.
- Sociology: Studies people in relation to other people. It covers various group dynamics, work teams, communication, power, intergroup relations, formal organizations.
- Anthropology: Studies human activities and societies, emphasizing comparative values, attitudes, and cross-cultural analysis in organizational contexts.
Practical Applications
- OB principles can guide development of leadership styles suitable to situations.
- Applying OB knowledge enhances performance at work.
- Understands how to effectively interact with others in organizational settings.
OB and Related Disciplines
- Psychology: Perception, personality, motivation, and learning
- Sociology: Nature and functions of groups and organizations, culture, norms, values, and ethics.
- Anthropology: Culture, norms, values, and ethics; cross-cultural analysis.
- Political Science: Power, politics, and ethics in organizations
- Communication studies: Nature and functions of business communication
Objectives
- Understand human interaction within an organization to improve outcomes (results).
Perception
- Selecting stimuli relevant at a given time
- Organising selected stimuli (converting them into meaning)
- Interpreting perceived events or objects to draw inferences.
Factors influencing selection
- Internal factors (e.g. need, motive, background, experience, personality)
- External factors (e.g. intensity, size, contrast, repetition, movement, novelty, familiarity).
Attitudes
- Beliefs, feelings, and action tendencies towards objects, ideas, and people.
- Attitudes are learned.
- They are core to individuals, and can vary among people on a continuum.
Formation of Attitudes
- Mass communication (a significant influence).
- Experience with the object (rewards, punishment).
- Classical conditioning (Pavlov's dog).
- Operant conditioning (attitudes learned and reinforced by consequences).
- Vicarious learning (observing behavior of others and their consequences).
- Economic status, occupation, neighborhood, and family & peer group.
Functions of Attitudes
- Adjustment: Helps adjust to the environment
- Ego defense: Protects self-image
- Value expression: Expresses personal values.
- Knowledge: Provides a stable, structured view of the world
Covert and Overt Behaviors
- Covert behaviors are internal, hidden actions (e.g., thinking, feelings).
- Overt behaviors are observable actions (e.g., walking, talking).
Major Job Attitudes
- Job satisfaction
- Job involvement
- Job performance
- Customer satisfaction
- Organizational commitment
- Organizational citizenship behavior
- Absenteeism
- Psychological empowerment
Personality
- Traits and behaviors characterising an individual.
- Personality is relatively stable.
- Influenced by both nature and nurture (heredity and environment).
- Personality theories explain the structure of personality.
Big Five Model
- Openness to experience
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
BIG 5 & Work
- Conscientiousness is a strong predictor of job performance.
- Other traits are predictors of different aspects of job performance.
- Agreeableness & neuroticism often predict better teamwork.
- Openness is positively related to proactivity, but negatively with team efficiency
- Extraversion is a predictor of leadership and success in higher echelons of an organization.
Self-efficacy
- A person's belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation.
- It is influenced by past experiences, social interactions, and emotional reactions.
Self-esteem
- One's sense of worth.
- Is affected and shaped by environment and relationships.
Locus of Control
- Internal locus of control: Believes they have control over their own lives
- External locus of control: Feel they have less control
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Description
Test your knowledge on the principles of organizational behavior and the psychological factors influencing worker productivity. This quiz covers critical concepts including human interaction, motivation, and the impact of social dynamics within the workplace.
