Organizational Behavior Concepts

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the field of Organizational Behavior (OB)?

  • Creating marketing strategies to enhance a company's brand image.
  • Optimizing manufacturing processes to increase production efficiency.
  • Developing financial models to predict organizational profitability.
  • Understanding, explaining, and improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations. (correct)

In an experimental research design, what is the key purpose of random assignment?

  • To guarantee that the results of the experiment confirm the researchers’ hypothesis.
  • To allow researchers to select participants who are most likely to respond positively to the treatment.
  • To equalize the characteristics of participants across different groups. (correct)
  • To ensure that the control group is larger than the treatment group.

A researcher wants to study the impact of a new leadership training program on employee productivity. Due to logistical constraints, participation in the training is voluntary. Which type of research design is most appropriate in this case?

  • True experiment
  • Meta-analysis
  • Correlational survey
  • Quasi-experiment (correct)

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?

<p>r = -0.60 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What three conditions must be met to establish causality between two variables?

<p>Temporal precedence, covariate, and elimination of alternative explanations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using meta-analysis in organizational behavior research?

<p>It increases the external validity of findings by combining data from multiple studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of adaptive task performance?

<p>A customer service representative handling a completely new and unexpected customer complaint. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee consistently volunteers for extra assignments, attends all company social events, and speaks positively about the organization to outsiders. Which type of citizenship behavior is this employee demonstrating?

<p>Organizational citizenship behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of property deviance?

<p>Intentionally damaging company equipment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A manager uses a performance evaluation system where employees are rated based on specific examples of their behavior. These examples are gathered using critical incidents. Which evaluation method is the manager using?

<p>Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which performance evaluation method includes evaluations from subordinates, peers, and supervisors?

<p>360-degree feedback (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee stays with an organization because they feel a sense of loyalty and moral obligation. This is an example of which type of organizational commitment?

<p>Normative commitment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee remains at a company primarily because they believe that leaving would be financially detrimental due to a lack of other job opportunities and significant personal investments in the company. What type of organizational commitment does this represent?

<p>Continuance Commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the erosion model, which employees are most likely to leave an organization?

<p>Employees with few social connections and weaker bonds within the organization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the social influence model, what is the primary reason employees might leave an organization?

<p>They are directly connected to other employees who have recently left the organization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of employee is characterized by high job performance but low organizational commitment?

<p>Lone Wolves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee who spends a significant amount of time daydreaming and socializing with coworkers during work hours is exhibiting which type of withdrawal behavior?

<p>Psychological withdrawal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between withdrawal behavior and counterproductive behavior?

<p>Withdrawal behavior is passive and avoids the work situation, while counterproductive behavior actively harms the organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The progression model of withdrawal suggests that employees who are dissatisfied with their jobs will:

<p>Engage in a variety of withdrawal behaviors, starting with minor forms and escalating to more serious ones over time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of job satisfaction?

<p>An emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to value-percept theory, job satisfaction is highest when:

<p>Employees perceive that their job provides the things they value. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which facet of job satisfaction is typically the strongest driver of overall job satisfaction?

<p>Work itself (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Job Characteristics Theory, which of the following describes the degree to which a job allows an employee to complete a whole, identifiable piece of work from beginning to end?

<p>Identity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Job Characteristics Theory, what role does a moderator serve?

<p>It strengthens or weakens the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is included in the process model of stress?

<p>Stressor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the transactional theory of stress, what factors influence an individual's appraisal of a potentially stressful event?

<p>Individual differences in abilities and personality, and coping style. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between hindrance stressors and challenge stressors?

<p>Hindrance stressors are perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments, while challenge stressors are perceived as opportunities for learning and growth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a work-related hindrance stressor?

<p>Role Ambiguity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, what level of stress typically leads to peak performance?

<p>Moderate Level of Stress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An employee who is experiencing chronic headaches, increased blood pressure, and frequent stomachaches is likely suffering from which type of strain?

<p>Physiological Strain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavioral pattern is characterized by a strong sense of time urgency, impatience, competitiveness, and hostility?

<p>Type A Behavioral Pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping?

<p>Problem-focused coping aims to manage the stressful situation itself, while emotion-focused coping aims to manage one's own emotional reactions to the stressful situation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motivation is best described as a set of forces that influence which three aspects of an employee's behavior?

<p>Direction, intensity, and persistence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly lists the needs in Maslow's hierarchy from lowest to highest?

<p>Physiological, Safety, Love/Belonging, Esteem, Self-Actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, which of the following is considered a 'hygiene factor'?

<p>Salary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to McClelland's Theory of Needs, what is the primary driver for individuals with a high need for affiliation?

<p>Need for social relationships and acceptance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Expectancy Theory, what is 'instrumentality'?

<p>The belief that performance will result in certain outcomes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is MOST likely to hinder expectancy, according to expectancy theory?

<p>Lack of necessary resources or support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is MOST effective for enhancing self-efficacy?

<p>Providing opportunities for employees to experience past accomplishments. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a SMART goal?

<p>A goal that is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Equity Theory, what happens when an employee perceives a situation of inequity?

<p>They will be motivated to restore equity, either by altering inputs/outcomes, changing their perceptions, or leaving the situation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of trust in the context of organizational behavior?

<p>The willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dimension on which cognition-based trust is built?

<p>Benevolence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key distinction between distributive justice and procedural justice?

<p>Distributive justice focuses on the fairness of outcomes, while procedural justice focuses on the fairness of the decision-making processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organizational Behavior (OB)

A field of study focused on understanding, explaining, and improving attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.

True Experiment

A research method where participants are randomly assigned to a treatment or control group to test the effect of manipulating an independent variable on a dependent variable.

Quasi Experiment

A research method similar to an experiment but missing one or more key components: manipulation of IV, random assignment, or a control group.

Correlation

A research method assessing the linear relationship between two variables.

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Meta-Analysis

A statistical technique that combines data from multiple studies to estimate the average effect and explore differences across moderator variables.

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Task Performance

Employee actions that directly contribute to the production of goods or services.

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Adaptive Task Performance

Responses to demands that are novel, unusual, or unpredictable.

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Creative Task Performance

Employee behaviors that are novel and useful.

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Citizenship Behavior

Voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place.

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Helping

Interpersonal citizenship behavior involving assisting, supporting, and developing other organizational members in a way that goes beyond normal job expectations.

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Voice

Organizational citizenship behavior involving speaking up and offering constructive suggestions for change.

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Counterproductive Behavior

Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment.

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Production Deviance

Wasting resources and substance abuse.

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Property Deviance

Sabotage and theft.

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Political Deviance

Gossiping and incivility.

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Personal Aggression

Harassment and abuse.

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Behaviorally Anchored Ranking Scales (BARS)

Performance evaluation system using critical incidents to develop behavioral descriptions of good and poor performance.

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360-Degree Feedback

Performance evaluation system including information from subordinates, peers, and customers.

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Management By Objectives (MBO)

Performance evaluation based on meeting pre-established goals.

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Forced Ranking

Performance evaluation system that makes clear distinctions among employees with different pre-established ranks.

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Organizational Commitment

A desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization.

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Affective Commitment

Staying because of emotional attachment.

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Continuance Commitment

Staying because you need to due to costs of leaving.

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Normative Commitment

Staying due to feeling obligated.

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Erosion Model

The idea that employees with fewer social bonds are more likely to quit.

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Social Influence Model

The idea that employees who are linked to 'leavers' are more likely to leave.

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Lone Wolves

Low organizational commitment, high job performance.

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Citizens

High organizational commitment, low job performance.

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Withdrawal Behavior

Actions employees perform to avoid the work situation.

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Psychological Withdrawal

Actions that provide a mental escape from the work environment.

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Physical Withdrawal

Actions providing a physical escape from the work environment.

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Turnover

Voluntarily leaving the organization.

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Job Satisfaction

A pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.

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Value-Percept Theory

Job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things you value.

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Job Characteristics Theory

Variety, Identity, Significance, Autonomy, and Feedback. Impact meaningfulness of work, responsibility of outcomes, and knowledge of results.

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Process Model of Stress

The process model includes the stressor, the stress and the strains one can feel.

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Hindrance Stressor

Stressors perceived as hindering progress toward personal accomplishments or goal attainment. Tends to be associated with negative emotions.

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Challenge Stressor

Stressors perceived as opportunities for learning, growth, and achievement; tends to be associated with positive emotions.

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Yerkes-Dodson Law

The theory that peak performance is achieved when people experience a moderate level of pressure.

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Problem-Focused Coping

Managing a stressful situation itself

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