Organic Chemistry Unit 4 Revision Guide

Amines where the nitrogen atom is bonded to one carbon atom.

Amines where the nitrogen atom is bonded to two carbon atoms.

Amines where the nitrogen atom is bonded to three carbon atoms.

Aromatic amines have their nitrogen atom directly bonded to the benzene ring.

In a sealed tube, a halogenoalkane reacts with excess ammonia to form an amine.

Nitriles can be reduced to amines using LiAlH4.

Nitrobenzene is reduced to phenylamine using tin and concentrated hydrochloric acid.

Amines are basic because the nitrogen atom has a lone pair of electrons that can accept a proton.

A reaction where an ester is formed by reacting a carboxylic acid and an alcohol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (e.g., concentrated H2SO4).

An organic compound with the general formula R-COOR', where R and R' are alkyl or aryl groups, formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

A type of organic compound that contains a hydroxyl (-OH) group directly attached to a benzene ring.

The ability of phenol to donate a proton (H+) to form a phenoxide ion, making it acidic.

The process of reacting a phenol with bromine to form halophenols, where one or more bromine atoms are substituted onto the benzene ring.

The process of reacting a phenol with ethanoyl chloride to form an ester where the -OH group is replaced with an -OCOCH3 group.

The reaction of phenol with iron(III) chloride solution, which produces a violet-colored solution, indicating the presence of phenol.

Substituents on the benzene ring in phenol can affect its acidity. Electron-withdrawing groups (e.g., Cl-) increase acidity by making the O-H bond weaker.

The distance a compound travels relative to the solvent front in chromatography.

A stationary phase used in thin-layer chromatography (TLC). It's often a thin layer of silica gel or aluminum oxide on a glass plate.

A technique used to separate substances based on their movement through a stationary phase. The substances are carried by a solvent.

The solvent in chromatography is the mobile phase and it moves up the stationary phase, separating the substances.

The substance or material that doesn’t move in chromatography. It's usually paper, silica gel, or aluminum oxide.

It is the distance travelled by the solvent.

When the solvent front reaches a certain height, the process is stopped. The paper or plate is dried and analyzed.

The technique uses a layer of silica or aluminum oxide coated on a glass plate as the stationary phase. Samples are spotted on the plate and placed in a jar with a solvent. The solvent moves up the plate, separating the mixture into different spots.

The relative height of an NMR peak is directly proportional to the number of hydrogen atoms in that chemical environment.

The number of peaks a signal is split into is determined by the number of neighboring hydrogen atoms. The signal will be split into (n+1) peaks, where 'n' is the number of neighboring hydrogens.

If a hydrogen atom has no neighboring hydrogen atoms, its signal will appear as a single peak in the NMR spectrum. This is because there is no splitting caused by neighboring hydrogens.

When a hydrogen atom has two neighboring hydrogen atoms, its NMR signal will be split into three peaks due to the interaction between the neighboring hydrogens.

When a hydrogen atom has three neighboring hydrogen atoms, its NMR signal will be split into four peaks due to the interaction between the neighboring hydrogens.

In a molecule with several different types of hydrogens, the relative heights of the peaks in the NMR spectrum reflect the number of hydrogens in each environment.

Isomers are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas, leading to different arrangements of atoms and functional groups within the molecule.

In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of atoms within a molecule that have characteristic chemical properties and behaviors.

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen atom and an alkyl or aryl group. Example: Ethanal (CH3CHO).

An organic compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. Example: Propanone (CH3COCH3).

An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to an alkyl or aryl group. Example: Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH).

A type of spectroscopy that uses the absorption of radio waves by atomic nuclei to determine the structure of molecules.

A method for purifying a solid, involving dissolving the crystals in the minimum amount of hot solvent, filtering to remove impurities, cooling the solution, filtering again, washing the crystals with a small amount of solvent, and finally drying them between filter paper.

A technique used to test the purity of a solid by observing the temperature at which it transitions from a solid to a liquid. Pure compounds have a narrow melting point range, while impure ones melt over a wider range and at a lower temperature.

The process of forming a polymer by joining monomers together with the loss of a small molecule, typically water or HCl.

The process of forming a polymer by joining monomers together without the loss of any atoms, typically by opening a double bond (usually in alkene monomers).

A type of condensation polymer formed from the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid and a dialcohol (diol), with the loss of water molecules. Common examples include PET (polyethylene terephthalate) used for plastic bottles and polyester clothing.

A type of condensation polymer formed from the reaction of a diamine and a diacid, with the loss of water molecules. These polymers are typically strong and durable, used in materials such as nylon and Kevlar.

A monomer commonly used in addition polymerization that contains a double bond between carbon atoms. The double bond breaks during polymerization, forming single bonds and allowing monomers to join together.

A small molecule, typically water (H2O) or hydrochloric acid (HCl), that is lost during condensation polymerization. These molecules are removed from the functional groups of the monomers as they link together.