Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which reagent(s) and conditions are best suited to convert an alkene to an alkane?
Which reagent(s) and conditions are best suited to convert an alkene to an alkane?
- $H_2$, Ni/Pt catalyst, $150°C$ (correct)
- Dilute $H_3PO_4$
- Concentrated $H_2SO_4$
- $Cl_2$, UV light
What type of reaction is involved in converting an alcohol to an alkene?
What type of reaction is involved in converting an alcohol to an alkene?
- Dehydration (correct)
- Esterification
- Hydrogenation
- Hydration
Which of the following observations indicates the presence of an alkene?
Which of the following observations indicates the presence of an alkene?
- Formation of a silver mirror with Tollen's reagent
- Decolorization of bromine water (orange to colorless) (correct)
- Sweet smell after reflux with $H_2SO_4$
- Effervescence with $Na_2CO_3$
Which reagent is used to convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
Which reagent is used to convert a primary alcohol to an aldehyde?
What type of reaction is the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an alcohol using $KOH(aq)$?
What type of reaction is the conversion of a halogenoalkane to an alcohol using $KOH(aq)$?
Which of the following compounds will give a positive silver mirror test with Tollen's reagent?
Which of the following compounds will give a positive silver mirror test with Tollen's reagent?
Which class of organic compounds produces effervescence when reacted with $Na_2CO_3$?
Which class of organic compounds produces effervescence when reacted with $Na_2CO_3$?
What is the function of $H_2SO_4$ in the esterification process?
What is the function of $H_2SO_4$ in the esterification process?
Upon oxidation with $H^+/Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ under reflux, a secondary alcohol will produce:
Upon oxidation with $H^+/Cr_2O_7^{2-}$ under reflux, a secondary alcohol will produce:
What type of reaction is the conversion of an alkene to a halogenoalkane using $HX$ or $X_2$?
What type of reaction is the conversion of an alkene to a halogenoalkane using $HX$ or $X_2$?
Flashcards
Alkane to Halogenoalkane:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Alkane to Halogenoalkane:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Free Radical Substitution
- Cl2 & U.V. Light
Alkene to Alkane:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
Alkene to Alkane:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
Hydrogenation
+H2
Ni / Pt Catalyst
150oC
Alkene to Halogenoalkane:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent(s) & Conditions
Alkene to Halogenoalkane:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent(s) & Conditions
Electrophilic Addition
- HX or + X2
Room Temperature
Alkene to Alcohol:
Name of Reaction
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Alkene to Alcohol:
Name of Reaction
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
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Halogenoalkane to Alkene:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Halogenoalkane to Alkene:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
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Halogenoalkane to Alcohol:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Halogenoalkane to Alcohol:
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
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Alcohol to Alkene:
Name of Reaction
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
Alcohol to Alkene:
Name of Reaction
Name of Mechanism
Reagent & Conditions
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1o Alcohol to Aldehyde:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
1o Alcohol to Aldehyde:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
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1o Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
1o Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
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2o Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
2o Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
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Alcohol to Ester:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
Alcohol to Ester:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
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Carboxylic Acid to Ester:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
Carboxylic Acid to Ester:
Name of Reaction
Reagent & Conditions
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Test for Alkenes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
Test for Alkenes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
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Test for Halogenoalkanes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
Test for Halogenoalkanes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
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Test for 1o & 2oAlcohols:
Reagent
Positive Observation
Test for 1o & 2oAlcohols:
Reagent
Positive Observation
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Test for Aldehydes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
Test for Aldehydes:
Reagent
Positive Observation
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Test for Carboxylic Acids:
Reagent
Positive Observation
Test for Carboxylic Acids:
Reagent
Positive Observation
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Study Notes
- The information covers various organic chemistry reactions and conversions.
Alkane Reactions
- Alkanes undergo free radical substitution when reacted with Cl₂ in the presence of UV light.
- Alkanes can be converted to alkenes using hydrogen in the presence of a Nickel or Platinum catalyst, done via hydrogenation at 150°C.
Alkene Reactions
- Alkenes undergo electrophilic addition with HX or X₂.
- Alkenes decolourise bromine water (Br₂(aq)), changing from orange to colourless.
- Alkenes can be converted to alcohols via hydration/electrophilic addition using dilute H₃PO₄(aq).
- Alkenes can be converted to alcohols via dehydration/elimination using concentrated H₂SO₄(aq).
- Alkenes can be converted back to Alkanes via hydrogenation using a nickel or platinum catalyst.
- Polymerisation can form addition polymers.
Haloalkane Reactions
- Haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution with KOH(aq) under reflux to form alcohols.
- Haloalkanes produce a precipitate with AgNO₃.
Alcohol Reactions
- Alcohols are formed from haloalkanes via nucleophilic substitution using KOH(aq) under reflux.
- Alcohols can be formed from alkenes via hydration/electrophilic addition using dilute H₃PO₄(aq).
- Primary (1°) and secondary (2°) alcohols react with H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ to turn orange to green.
- Tertiary (3°) alcohols show no visible reaction (NVR) with H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻.
- Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻, followed by distillation.
- Primary alcohols produce carboxylic acid using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ under reflux.
- Secondary alcohols are oxidized to ketones using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ under reflux.
- Alcohols react with carboxylic acids in the presence of H₂SO₄(aq) under reflux then distilled in an esterification reaction to produce esters.
Aldehyde Reactions
- Aldehydes are produced from primary alcohols using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻, followed by distillation.
- Aldehydes produce a silver mirror with Tollen's reagent under heat.
- Aldehydes form a red precipitate with Fehling's solution when heated.
- Aldehydes are oxidized to carboxylic acids using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ under reflux.
Ketone Reactions
- Ketones are produced by oxidizing secondary alcohols using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ under reflux.
Carboxylic Acid Reactions
- Carboxylic acids are produced from primary alcohols using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ in reflux.
- Carboxylic acids are also produced from aldehydes using H⁺/Cr₂O₇²⁻ in reflux.
- Carboxylic acids react with Na₂CO₃(aq) or (s) to produce effervescence.
- Carboxylic acids react with alcohols in the presence of H₂SO₄(aq) under reflux then distillation in an esterification reaction to produce esters.
Ester Reactions
- Esters are sweet smelling.
- Esters can be produced from alcohols with carboxylic acid, with H₂SO₄(aq) under reflux then distilled in an esterification reaction.
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