Organic Chemistry Quiz: Alkanes and Alkenes
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Questions and Answers

What is the general formula for alkanes?

CnH2n+2

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of alkanes?

  • They have a general formula of C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub>. (correct)
  • They are saturated hydrocarbons.
  • They are generally unreactive.
  • They contain only single bonds.

What is the name of the process used to separate crude oil into different fractions?

Fractional Distillation

Highly branched alkanes have higher boiling points than less branched alkanes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the catalyst commonly used in catalytic cracking?

<p>Zeolite</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Research Octane Number (RON) indicate in a fuel?

<p>The proportion of branched-chain and straight-chain alkanes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The double bond in an alkene prevents rotation along the C=C bond axis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the reaction where an electrophile adds to the C=C bond in an alkene?

<p>Electrophilic Addition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a common catalyst used in hydrogenation reactions of alkenes?

<p>Platinum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the rule that dictates the position of the hydrogen atom when a hydrogen halide adds to an unsymmetrical alkene?

<p>Markovnikov's Rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cold acidified manganate(VII) is used to oxidize alkenes to alkanediols or glycols.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the reaction of alkenes that produce polymers?

<p>Polymerization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the catalyst commonly associated with the polymerization of alkenes?

<p>Ziegler-Natta catalyst</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aromatic compounds contain the benzene ring functional group.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The C-C bond in benzene is neither a single nor a double bond.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reaction does benzene usually undergo with electrophiles?

<p>Electrophilic Substitution</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a Lewis acid catalyst in the halogenation of benzene?

<p>To increase the rate of reaction by weakening the halogen-halogen bond. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of electrophile is involved in the nitration of benzene?

<p>NO<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup></p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfonation of benzene is a reversible reaction.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the AlCl3 catalyst in Friedel-Crafts alkylation?

<p>To generate a carbocation from the alkyl halide. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrophile is involved in the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction of benzene?

<p>RC=O<sup>+</sup></p> Signup and view all the answers

The addition of hydrogen gas to benzene is a typical reaction that occurs easily at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxidation of benzene occurs easily with oxidizing agents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when benzene is reacted with a mixture of hydrogen gas and a nickel catalyst at high temperatures?

<p>Cyclohexane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major type of reaction that benzene undergoes?

<p>Elimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alkane

A saturated hydrocarbon containing only C-C and C-H single bonds.

Fractional Distillation

The process of separating components of crude oil based on their boiling points.

Substitution Reaction

A chemical reaction involving the breaking of a bond and the formation of two new bonds.

Addition Reaction

A reaction where two reactants combine to form one product.

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Rearrangement Reaction

A reaction where one reactant undergoes a rearrangement of its atoms or groups.

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Elimination Reaction

A reaction where a saturated reactant loses atoms or groups to form an unsaturated product.

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Reaction Mechanism

A detailed description of the steps involved in a chemical reaction.

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Heterolytic Bond Breakage

A bond breakage where one atom receives both bonding electrons.

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Homolytic Bond Breakage

A bond breakage where each atom receives one bonding electron.

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Combustion of Alkane

A chemical reaction where alkanes react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

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Halogenation of Alkane

A type of reaction where an alkane reacts with a halogen in the presence of light or heat.

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Carbocation Rearrangement

A reaction where a less stable carbocation rearranges into a more stable carbocation.

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Stability

The tendency of a molecule to resist change, often due to how its atoms are arranged.

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Constitutional Isomerism

A type of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but different arrangements of their atoms.

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Stereoisomerism

A type of isomerism where molecules have the same molecular formula but different spatial arrangements of their atoms.

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Enantiomerism

A type of stereoisomerism where molecules are non-superimposable mirror images of each other.

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Diastereomerism

A type of stereoisomerism where molecules are not mirror images of each other.

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Chiral Carbon

A carbon atom bonded to four different atoms or groups.

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Chiral Compound

A molecule that has a non-superimposable mirror image.

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Achiral Compound

A molecule that does not have a non-superimposable mirror image, meaning it is not chiral.

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Optically Active Compound

A compound that can rotate the plane of polarized light.

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Electrophilic Attack

A type of reaction where an electrophile attacks an electron-rich region of a molecule.

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Nucleophile

Reagents that can donate an electron pair.

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Catalyst

Catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by providing an alternative pathway with a lower activation energy.

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Cis-Trans Isomerism

A type of alkene isomerism where two different groups are attached to each carbon atom of the double bond.

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IUPAC Nomenclature

A system for naming organic compounds based on their structure.

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Hydrocarbon Backbone

A chain of carbon atoms that forms the backbone of a molecule.

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Functional Group

A group of atoms that determines the chemical properties of a molecule.

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Homologous Series

A series of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties.

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Atom

The smallest unit of a compound, represented by a symbol and a number.

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Structural Formula

A representation of a molecule's structure, showing the arrangement of its atoms.

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Displayed Formula

A type of structural formula that shows all the atoms and bonds present in a molecule.

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Condensed Formula

A simplified structural formula that omits some carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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Skeletal Formula

A type of structural formula that shows only the carbon skeleton of a molecule, with functional groups.

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Study Notes

PRP 1016 Chemistry I

  • This course covers Organic Chemistry I, specifically Learning Unit 7.
  • The course is prepared by Eswaran Madiahlagan.
  • The course is for personal use only and is not for sale.
  • It is part of the Centre for Pre-University Studies.

Learning Unit 7.1: Introduction to Organic Chemistry

  • Learning Objectives:
    • Describe the properties of carbon atoms.
    • Differentiate functional groups and classify homologous series.
    • Represent organic compounds using various chemical formulas.
    • Name organic compounds according to the IUPAC system.

Learning Unit 7.2: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Alkanes

  • General Information:
    • Saturated hydrocarbons containing only C-C and C-H single bonds.
    • All C atoms have sp³ hybridization.
    • Generally unreactive.
    • General formula: CnH2n+2
  • Sources of Alkanes:
    • Underground deposits of crude oil (petroleum) or natural gas.
    • Natural gas (mostly CH₄) requires little purification.
    • Crude oil requires separation processes including removal of water, acids, and inorganics followed by fractional distillation.
    • Less useful products are converted to useful products via catalytic cracking processes.

Learning Unit 7.3: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons - Alkenes

  • General Information:
    • Unsaturated organic compound containing the C=C functional group.
    • Naming ends with the suffix -ene.
    • General formula: CnH2n
    • All C atoms in a C=C bond have sp² hybridization.
    • The C=C bond has a bond angle of 120°, leading to geometric isomerism.
    • The C=C bond is electron-rich and attracts electrophiles.

Learning Unit 7.4: Aromatic Hydrocarbon - Benzene

  • General Information:

    • Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring functional group.
    • Aromatics are named from the way they smell (fragrance).
    • Benzene and its similar compounds are now referred to as aromatics.
    • Each C atom is attached to 1 H atom and 2 other C atoms.
    • Each C atom has sp² hybridization.
    • The C-C-C bond angle is 120°.
    • Each C atom also has 1 unhybridized p orbital.
    • The 6 unhybridized p orbitals form a circular π bond.

  • Stability: Benzene is stable and unreactive, unlike alkenes, it does not react easily with electrophilic reagents.

  • IUPAC Nomenclature: Benzene is used as the base name.

    • Substituents are named as prefixes.
    • Relative positions of substituents are indicated by ortho (1,2), meta (1,3), or para (1,4).
    • If a substituent gives a new base name, the substituent is given the 1 position.
    • Common names are used for some substituents, such as toluene, phenol, and aniline.

General Information about Organic Reactions

  • Organic Reactions:

    • Substitution: Two reactants form two products; an atom or group in the molecule is replaced by a nucleophile, electrophile or free radical.
    • Addition: Two reactants form one product, unsaturated reactant becomes saturated product.
    • Rearrangement: One reactant forms one product; an atom or group moves from one atom to another.
    • Elimination: Saturated reactant becomes unsaturated product; involves the removal of 2 atoms/groups from a molecule, typically from adjacent C atoms.

  • Organic Reagents:

    • Electrophiles: Accept an electron pair from organic compounds, attracted to electron-rich regions.
    • Nucleophiles: Donate electrons to organic compounds, attracted positively charged regions.
    • Radicals: Have unpaired valence electrons, very reactive.
    • Oxidizing agents: Compounds that accept electrons and can transfer oxygen.

  • Reactions of Alkanes, Alkenes and Benzene Various reactions and their mechanisms are explained in the videos. Detailed reactions are described, including catalysts and mechanisms.

  • Isomerism: Different compounds with the same molecular formula and different atom arrangements; examples are discussed including constitutional and stereoisomers.

  • Other Concepts:

  • Exercises: Practice problems in identifying and naming various compounds and processes.

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Description

Test your knowledge of alkanes and alkenes with this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics such as general formulas, reactions, catalysts, and characteristic properties of these hydrocarbons. Perfect for students studying organic chemistry.

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