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Questions and Answers
What type of cleavage results in one fragment receiving both electrons from the broken bond?
What type of cleavage results in one fragment receiving both electrons from the broken bond?
What is a species with a carbon atom possessing a sextet of electrons and a positive charge called?
What is a species with a carbon atom possessing a sextet of electrons and a positive charge called?
Which of the following is a tertiary carbocation?
Which of the following is a tertiary carbocation?
What is the observed order of carbocation stability from least to most stable?
What is the observed order of carbocation stability from least to most stable?
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What hybridization is observed in a carbocation?
What hybridization is observed in a carbocation?
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What stabilizing effects contribute to carbocation stability?
What stabilizing effects contribute to carbocation stability?
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What defines the term 'substrate' in an organic reaction?
What defines the term 'substrate' in an organic reaction?
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What is formed after the heterolytic cleavage of a covalent bond in bromomethane?
What is formed after the heterolytic cleavage of a covalent bond in bromomethane?
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In an organic reaction, the organic molecule is also referred to as a ______.
In an organic reaction, the organic molecule is also referred to as a ______.
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Heterolytic cleavage results in one fragment having a ______ charge.
Heterolytic cleavage results in one fragment having a ______ charge.
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A carbocation with one carbon directly attached is classified as a ______ carbocation.
A carbocation with one carbon directly attached is classified as a ______ carbocation.
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The structure of carbocations is typically ______ planar.
The structure of carbocations is typically ______ planar.
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Alkyl groups stabilize carbocations through inductive and ______ effects.
Alkyl groups stabilize carbocations through inductive and ______ effects.
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After heterolysis of bromomethane, the products are CH3 and ______.
After heterolysis of bromomethane, the products are CH3 and ______.
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The positive charge in a carbocation is carried by a carbon atom with a sextet of ______.
The positive charge in a carbocation is carried by a carbon atom with a sextet of ______.
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The observed order of carbocation stability is C+H3 < CH3C+H2 < ______.
The observed order of carbocation stability is C+H3 < CH3C+H2 < ______.
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Study Notes
Organic Reactions
- Organic molecules (substrates) react with reagents to form intermediates and products.
- A reactant supplying carbon to a new bond is the substrate. If both reactants contribute, the choice is arbitrary.
- Reactions involve breaking a carbon-carbon or carbon-other atom bond and forming a new bond.
- Reaction mechanisms detail each step, electron movement, energy changes, and reaction rates.
Bond Cleavage
- Covalent bonds can cleave through heterolytic or homolytic fission.
- Heterolytic cleavage: The shared electron pair remains with one fragment.
- Heterolysis creates a positively charged fragment (sextet) and a negatively charged fragment (octet).
- Example: Bromomethane (CH3Br) heterolytically cleaves into CH3+ and Br-.
- A carbocation is a carbon with a sextet and a positive charge.
- Carbocation classifications:
- Primary (one carbon attached)
- Secondary (two carbons attached)
- Tertiary (three carbons attached)
- CH3+ (methyl cation) is a primary carbocation.
- Carbocations are highly unstable and reactive.
- Alkyl groups stabilize carbocations through inductive and hyperconjugation effects.
- Carbocation stability: Methyl < Ethyl < Isopropyl < Tert-butyl
- Carbocation shape: Trigonal planar (sp2 hybridized carbon).
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of organic reactions, including the roles of substrates and the details of reaction mechanisms. This quiz delves into bond cleavage types, such as heterolytic and homolytic fission, and provides insights into carbocation classifications. Test your understanding of these essential organic chemistry topics.
