Organic Chemistry II: Concept Diagrams
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Questions and Answers

What is the condition required for the reaction to produce the ester?

  • High pressure and low temperature
  • Normal laboratory conditions
  • Heat and reflux (correct)
  • Low pressure and high temperature

    • What is the type of bond formed in the esterification reaction?

  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Polar covalent bond
  • Hydrogen bond
  • Ionic bond

    • What is the by-product of the esterification reaction?

  • Water (correct)
  • Ester
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Alcohol

    • What is the reagent used in the preparation of acid anhydride?

    <p>Phosphorus pentachloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the acid anhydride derived?

    <p>By removing one H2O molecule from two carboxylic acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product formed in the reaction between carboxylic acid and phosphorus pentachloride?

    <p>Acyl chloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional group present in the ester?

    <p>Alkoxy group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reagent used in the preparation of acyl chloride?

    <p>Phosphorus pentachloride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol?

    <p>Esterification reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the molecule formed by the condensation reaction of two carboxylic acids?

    <p>Acid anhydride</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Alkyl Halides (R-X)

    • Substitution reaction of alcohol with hydrogen halide: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
    • Addition reaction of alkene with halogen/halide: CnH2n + HX → CnH2n+1X
    • Tests to confirm presence of halogen atom:
      • Warm with NaOH(aq) to release X- ion
      • Add dilute HNO3 acid to remove excess OH-
      • Add AgNO3(aq) to form silver halide
      • Dissolve silver halide in dilute ammonia

    Reactivity of Alkyl Halides

    • Based on the halogen present: F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
    • Based on type of alkyl halide: 3° < 2° < 1°

    Reactions of Alkyl Halides

    • Nucleophilic Substitution:
      • Hydrolysis (formation of alcohol): R-X + OH- → ROH + X-
      • Formation of amines: R-X + NH3 → RNH2 + X-
      • Formation of nitriles: R-X + KCN → RCN + KX
    • Elimination Reactions:
      • Dehydration of alcohols: ROH → RX + H2O
      • Reaction with H-X: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
      • Reaction with PCl5: ROH + PCl5 → RC l + POCl3 + HCl

    Carbonyl Compounds

    • Aldehydes and Ketones
    • Carboxylic Acid
    • Ester
    • Acyl Chloride
    • Acid Anhydride

    Preparations

    • Aldehydes and Ketones: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
    • Carboxylic Acid:
      • Reaction between carboxylic acid & phosphorus pentachloride
      • Derived from two carboxylic acids by removing one H2O molecule
    • Ester: Reaction between carboxylic acid & alcohol (Esterification)
    • Acyl Chloride: Reaction between carboxylic acid & phosphorus pentachloride
    • Acid Anhydride: Derived from two carboxylic acids by removing one H2O molecule

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    Description

    This quiz covers various concept diagrams in Organic Chemistry II, including Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Aldehydes & Ketones, and more.

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