10 Questions
What is the condition required for the reaction to produce the ester?
Heat and reflux
What is the type of bond formed in the esterification reaction?
Covalent bond
What is the by-product of the esterification reaction?
Water
What is the reagent used in the preparation of acid anhydride?
Phosphorus pentachloride
How is the acid anhydride derived?
By removing one H2O molecule from two carboxylic acids
What is the product formed in the reaction between carboxylic acid and phosphorus pentachloride?
Acyl chloride
What is the functional group present in the ester?
Alkoxy group
What is the reagent used in the preparation of acyl chloride?
Phosphorus pentachloride
What is the type of reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol?
Esterification reaction
What is the molecule formed by the condensation reaction of two carboxylic acids?
Acid anhydride
Study Notes
Alkyl Halides (R-X)
- Substitution reaction of alcohol with hydrogen halide: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
- Addition reaction of alkene with halogen/halide: CnH2n + HX → CnH2n+1X
- Tests to confirm presence of halogen atom:
- Warm with NaOH(aq) to release X- ion
- Add dilute HNO3 acid to remove excess OH-
- Add AgNO3(aq) to form silver halide
- Dissolve silver halide in dilute ammonia
Reactivity of Alkyl Halides
- Based on the halogen present: F- < Cl- < Br- < I-
- Based on type of alkyl halide: 3° < 2° < 1°
Reactions of Alkyl Halides
- Nucleophilic Substitution:
- Hydrolysis (formation of alcohol): R-X + OH- → ROH + X-
- Formation of amines: R-X + NH3 → RNH2 + X-
- Formation of nitriles: R-X + KCN → RCN + KX
- Elimination Reactions:
- Dehydration of alcohols: ROH → RX + H2O
- Reaction with H-X: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
- Reaction with PCl5: ROH + PCl5 → RC l + POCl3 + HCl
Carbonyl Compounds
- Aldehydes and Ketones
- Carboxylic Acid
- Ester
- Acyl Chloride
- Acid Anhydride
Preparations
- Aldehydes and Ketones: ROH + HX → RX + H2O
- Carboxylic Acid:
- Reaction between carboxylic acid & phosphorus pentachloride
- Derived from two carboxylic acids by removing one H2O molecule
- Ester: Reaction between carboxylic acid & alcohol (Esterification)
- Acyl Chloride: Reaction between carboxylic acid & phosphorus pentachloride
- Acid Anhydride: Derived from two carboxylic acids by removing one H2O molecule
This quiz covers various concept diagrams in Organic Chemistry II, including Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Aldehydes & Ketones, and more.
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