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Questions and Answers
What characteristic is most directly responsible for a functional group dictating the properties of an organic molecule?
What characteristic is most directly responsible for a functional group dictating the properties of an organic molecule?
- The presence of only carbon and hydrogen atoms in the group.
- The number of carbon atoms present in the functional group.
- The way the functional group always reacts. (correct)
- The size and shape of the hydrocarbon chain attached to it.
Which halogen would result in the highest boiling point in a halocarbon with an otherwise identical structure?
Which halogen would result in the highest boiling point in a halocarbon with an otherwise identical structure?
- Chlorine
- Bromine
- Fluorine
- Iodine (correct)
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between halogens and their effect on the boiling point of alkanes?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between halogens and their effect on the boiling point of alkanes?
- Halogens increase the boiling point of alkanes, and the effect increases as you move down group 17. (correct)
- Halogens increase the boiling point of alkanes, with the effect diminishing as you move down the group 17.
- Halogens decrease the boiling point of alkanes due to their small atomic size.
- Halogens have no predictable effect on the boiling point of alkanes.
Why are alkyl halides often used as starting materials in chemical reactions rather than alkanes?
Why are alkyl halides often used as starting materials in chemical reactions rather than alkanes?
In the IUPAC naming system, what prefix is used to indicate the presence of bromine as a substituent?
In the IUPAC naming system, what prefix is used to indicate the presence of bromine as a substituent?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the naming priority of multiple different halogen substituents in an organic molecule?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the naming priority of multiple different halogen substituents in an organic molecule?
What is the primary structural difference between an alkyl halide and an aryl halide?
What is the primary structural difference between an alkyl halide and an aryl halide?
What is the general formula for a halocarbon, where 'X' represents a halogen atom?
What is the general formula for a halocarbon, where 'X' represents a halogen atom?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of a 'functional group'?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of a 'functional group'?
Which of the following best describes a substitution reaction in organic chemistry?
Which of the following best describes a substitution reaction in organic chemistry?
Which of the following best explains why the boiling points of alkyl halides are generally higher compared to alkanes with similar molecular weights?
Which of the following best explains why the boiling points of alkyl halides are generally higher compared to alkanes with similar molecular weights?
What type of organic compound is formed when an alkyl halide reacts with ammonia (NH3)?
What type of organic compound is formed when an alkyl halide reacts with ammonia (NH3)?
Which characteristic of halogens directly contributes to the increasing strength of temporary dipoles in halocarbon molecules as you move down Group 17?
Which characteristic of halogens directly contributes to the increasing strength of temporary dipoles in halocarbon molecules as you move down Group 17?
What application of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is mentioned, owing to its properties as a plastic?
What application of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is mentioned, owing to its properties as a plastic?
In the context of halocarbons, what is 'halogenation'?
In the context of halocarbons, what is 'halogenation'?
Considering the general formula R-X for halocarbons, what does 'R' represent?
Considering the general formula R-X for halocarbons, what does 'R' represent?
What is the primary reason halocarbons are effective as solvents for nonpolar molecules?
What is the primary reason halocarbons are effective as solvents for nonpolar molecules?
Given the increasing trend in boiling points among halocarbons (F < Cl < Br < I), how would you expect the boiling point of 1-chloropropane to compare to that of 1-bromopropane?
Given the increasing trend in boiling points among halocarbons (F < Cl < Br < I), how would you expect the boiling point of 1-chloropropane to compare to that of 1-bromopropane?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'plastics' according to the text?
Which of the following is the most accurate description of 'plastics' according to the text?
What is the relationship between petroleum and most synthetic organic compounds?
What is the relationship between petroleum and most synthetic organic compounds?
Which of the following features apply to a functional group?
Which of the following features apply to a functional group?
How does the addition of a functional group modify the properties of a hydrocarbon?
How does the addition of a functional group modify the properties of a hydrocarbon?
What characteristic of halogens leads to increased temporary dipoles in halogen-substituted hydrocarbons?
What characteristic of halogens leads to increased temporary dipoles in halogen-substituted hydrocarbons?
What is the role of chlorine in the formation of chloromethane from methane?
What is the role of chlorine in the formation of chloromethane from methane?
How does the increasing size of the halogen atom influence the boiling points of halogen-substituted alkanes?
How does the increasing size of the halogen atom influence the boiling points of halogen-substituted alkanes?
Why are organic halides often selected as starting materials in industrial chemical reactions?
Why are organic halides often selected as starting materials in industrial chemical reactions?
What is the process called when hydrogen atoms in alkanes are replaced by halogen atoms?
What is the process called when hydrogen atoms in alkanes are replaced by halogen atoms?
What would be the IUPAC name for a compound with a benzene ring bonded to a chlorine atom?
What would be the IUPAC name for a compound with a benzene ring bonded to a chlorine atom?
Which of the following statements accurately compares alkyl halides and aryl halides?
Which of the following statements accurately compares alkyl halides and aryl halides?
How does a substitution reaction contribute to the variety of organic compounds?
How does a substitution reaction contribute to the variety of organic compounds?
What distinguishes halothane from other hydrocarbons?
What distinguishes halothane from other hydrocarbons?
Beyond acting as solvents, what is another application of alkyl halides?
Beyond acting as solvents, what is another application of alkyl halides?
What property of halogens is altered to form different prefixes in the IUPAC naming system?
What property of halogens is altered to form different prefixes in the IUPAC naming system?
How does the density of an alkyl halide typically compare to that of an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms?
How does the density of an alkyl halide typically compare to that of an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms?
In a substitution reaction, what typically occurs when an alkyl halide reacts with a base?
In a substitution reaction, what typically occurs when an alkyl halide reacts with a base?
What structural characteristic defines a molecule as an 'aliphatic' compound?
What structural characteristic defines a molecule as an 'aliphatic' compound?
What is the relationship between thyroid hormones and organic iodides?
What is the relationship between thyroid hormones and organic iodides?
Flashcards
Functional Group
Functional Group
An atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way in an organic molecule.
Halogenation
Halogenation
The replacement of hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.
Halocarbon
Halocarbon
An organic compound containing a halogen substituent.
Alkyl Halide
Alkyl Halide
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Aryl Halide
Aryl Halide
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Plastic
Plastic
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Substitution Reaction
Substitution Reaction
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Fluoro-
Fluoro-
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Chloro-
Chloro-
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Bromo-
Bromo-
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Iodo-
Iodo-
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Organic Halides in Nature
Organic Halides in Nature
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Petroleum
Petroleum
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Study Notes
- A halogen atom can replace a hydrogen atom in some hydrocarbons.
Functional Groups
- Carbon atoms in hydrocarbons can bond with elements like oxygen, nitrogen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulfur, and phosphorus.
- A functional group is an atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule that always reacts in a specific way.
- Adding a functional group to a hydrocarbon changes its physical and chemical properties.
- Symbols R and R' represent carbon chains or rings bonded to the functional group; Ar represents a hydrogen atom, carbon chain, or carbon ring.
- Double and triple bonds between carbon atoms are also functional groups.
Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
- Halogens, from group 17 (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine), can be substituent groups attached to a hydrocarbon.
- A halocarbon is an organic compound containing a halogen substituent.
- An alkyl halide is an organic compound with a halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom.
- Chloromethane is an alkyl halide where a chlorine atom replaces one of methane's hydrogen atoms.
- An aryl halide is an organic compound with a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or aromatic group.
- The structural formula for an aryl halide can be created by drawing the aromatic structure and replacing hydrogen atoms with halogen atoms.
Naming Halocarbons
- Organic molecules with functional groups have IUPAC names based on their main-chain alkane structures.
- For alkyl halides, prefixes indicate which halogen is present, formed by changing the -ine ending to -o (fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-).
- Multiple halogen atoms are listed alphabetically, and the chain is numbered to give the lowest position number to the substituent that comes first alphabetically.
- The benzene ring in aryl halides is numbered to give each substituent the lowest position number possible.
Properties and Uses of Halocarbons
- Alkyl chlorides have higher boiling points and densities than alkanes with the same number of carbon atoms.
- Boiling points and densities increase as the halogen changes from fluorine to chlorine, bromine, and iodine because halogens from fluorine to iodine have a greater number of electrons, which are easily shifted, resulting in the hydrocarbons having an increasing tendency to form temporary dipoles.
- Alkyl halides are often used as starting materials in the chemical industry and as solvents/cleaning agents.
- A plastic is a polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft.
- Polytetrafluoroethene (PTFE) is a plastic made from gaseous tetrafluoroethylene.
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is another commonly known plastic.
Substitution Reactions
- A substitution reaction is one in which one atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
- Halogenation is the replacement of hydrogen atoms of alkanes with halogen atoms (chlorine or bromine).
- Reacting an alkyl halide with a basic solution replaces the halogen atom with an -OH group, forming an alcohol.
- Reacting an alkyl halide with ammonia (NH3) replaces the halogen atom with an amino group (-NH2), forming an alkyl amine.
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