Functional Groups Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What are alkyl halides classified as?

Primary (1°)

Secondary (2°)

Tertiary (3°)

All of the above (correct)

What is an ether?

A functional group that consists of an oxygen bonded to 2 carbons (R-O-R).

What is a functional group?

An atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties.

What characterizes a carboxylic acid?

It contains a carboxyl group with a carbon-oxygen double bond and an OH group. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general structure of alcohols?

ROH, where R is an alkyl group. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a ketone?

A compound with two alkyl groups bonded to a C=O carbon atom. Signup and view all the answers

What is an ester?

An organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, characterized by an OR group. Signup and view all the answers

What is a carbonyl?

A functional group that contains a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O). Signup and view all the answers

What is an aldehyde?

An organic compound containing a formyl group (R-CHO). Signup and view all the answers

What defines an amine?

Compounds in which one or more hydrogens of ammonia have been replaced by alkyl groups. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes an amide?

Organic compounds with a carbonyl (C=O) nitrogen bond. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an alkene?

An aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond. Signup and view all the answers

What defines an alkyne?

An aliphatic hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon triple bond. Signup and view all the answers

What does aromatic mean in organic chemistry?

Organic compounds that contain benzene as part of their structure. Signup and view all the answers

Match the terms related to functional groups with their definitions:

Alkyl Halide = Organic molecules containing a halogen atom bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Alcohol = A compound with a hydroxy group (OH) bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom. Carboxylic Acid = An organic compound that has a carboxyl group. Ester = Organic compound derived from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with an OR group substitute. Signup and view all the answers

What are the key rules for naming functional groups?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Functional Groups Overview

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that have distinctive chemical properties and determine the reactivity of compounds.

Alkyl Halide

Composed of a halogen atom 'X' attached to an sp3 hybridized carbon.
Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbons linked to the carbon with a halogen.
Derives from alkanes by replacing hydrogen with a halogen, using naming conventions that change "-ine" to "-o".

Ether

Defined as R-O-R, where oxygen is bonded to two carbons (R-groups).
Classified into symmetric (identical groups) and asymmetric (different groups) ethers.
Naming involves recognizing the longest carbon chain and treating the O-R fragment as a substituent, appending "-oxy" to the parent alkane name.

Carboxylic Acid

Contains a carboxyl group (COOH) featuring a carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) group.
Exhibits unique chemical properties due to the presence of the carboxyl functional group.

Alcohol

Characterized by the general structure ROH with a hydroxy group (OH) attached to an sp3 hybridized carbon.
Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°), similar to alkyl halides.
Naming convention replaces "-e" in the hydrocarbon with "-ol".

Ketone

Features a carbonyl group (C=O) with two alkyl groups (R) attached, having structures of R2C=O or RCOR'.

Ester

Derived from the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, characterized by the replacement of the acidic OH with an OR group.
Contains a carbonyl group but lacks acidic hydrogen, giving it distinct properties compared to carboxylic acids and ethers.

Carbonyl

Consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond (C=O).
The polar character of the bond renders the carbonyl carbon electrophilic, making it reactive in various chemical reactions.

Aldehyde

Contains a formyl group (R-CHO), which is a carbonyl attached to a hydrogen and an R group.
Serves as a vital functional group with implications in organic synthesis.

Amine

Compounds formed by the replacement of one or more hydrogens in ammonia by alkyl groups.
Classified as primary (1°), secondary (2°), or tertiary (3°) based on the number of carbon substituents on the nitrogen.
Named by changing the hydrocarbon suffix from "-e" to "amine".

Amide

Represents organic compounds featuring a carbonyl bond to nitrogen (C=O-N).
Formed from reactions between carboxylic acids and amines, playing a key role in biological systems.

Alkene

An aliphatic hydrocarbon characterized by a carbon-carbon double bond.
Naming involves changing the suffix from "-ane" to "-ene".

Alkyne

Another aliphatic hydrocarbon distinguished by a carbon-carbon triple bond.

Aromatic

Refers to compounds containing benzene (C6H6), a cyclic hydrocarbon known for its stability and distinct reactivity due to resonance.

Rules for Naming Functional Groups

Identify the longest continuous chain containing the functional group as the parent hydrocarbon.
Number the chain to assign the functional group the lowest possible number; no number is needed if the group is on a ring.
If a functional group and substituent coexist, the functional group gets priority in numbering.
When numbering results in identical positions, ensure substituents receive the next lowest possible numbers.
List multiple substituents in alphabetical order to adhere to systematic naming conventions.

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Description

Test your knowledge of organic chemistry with these flashcards on functional groups, focusing specifically on alkyl halides. Learn about their definitions, classifications, and naming conventions. Perfect for students looking to master key concepts in organic chemistry.