Organic Chemistry: Carbon Bonds and Carbohydrates

The first molecule has the formula C2H6, the second molecule has the formula C2H4, and the third molecule has the formula C2H2. The first molecule has single bonds between all of its carbon atoms, the second molecule has a double bond between its carbon atoms, and the third molecule has a triple bond between its carbon atoms. Each carbon atom has 4 bonds, and each bond represents 2 shared electrons.

This statement is true. Carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and their basic formula is often represented as (CH2O)n, where n is a whole number. This indicates that for every carbon atom, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

This statement is true. There are three main types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars like glucose, fructose, and galactose. They are often referred to as simple sugars and serve as the building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

<p>glucose, galactose, fructose</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The differences between glucose, galactose, and fructose lie in the arrangement of the hydroxyl groups (-OH) on the carbon atoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An alternate name for glucose is dextrose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each molecule, glucose, galactose, and fructose, contains 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. The formula for all three molecules is C6H12O6.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Disaccharides are formed when two monosaccharides join together. These can be the same monosaccharide, like in maltose (two glucose molecules), or different ones, like in sucrose (glucose and fructose) or lactose (glucose and galactose).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<ol> <li>Maltose is made up of two glucose molecules. 2. Sucrose is made up of a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule. 3. Lactose is made up of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The common name for sucrose is table sugar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The difference between starch, cellulose, and glycogen lies in the arrangement of the glucose molecules within their chains. Starch is a helical structure, cellulose is a straight and linear chain, and glycogen is a branched structure with multiple branching points.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both starch and cellulose are made up of glucose monomers, but their arrangement is different. Starch is a polymer of alpha-glucose monomers, and cellulose is a polymer of beta-glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Other examples of organic polymers include polypeptides, nylon, and polypropylene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Dehydration synthesis is a process that joins two molecules together by removing a water molecule, creating a covalent bond between them. This process is essential in building larger molecules (polymers) from smaller units (monomers), like in the case of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Hydrolysis is the opposite of dehydration synthesis. It breaks apart complex molecules by adding water molecules, effectively reversing the process of dehydration synthesis. This process is essential for breaking down food molecules into smaller units that can be absorbed by the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Biological reactions, including dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, are highly specific and sensitive to conditions. They require specific enzymes to catalyze the reaction, along with optimal pH and temperature ranges for the process to occur efficiently. This ensures the proper assembly and disassembly of macromolecules within living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hydrolysis is primarily involved in the process of digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dehydration synthesis requires two glucose molecules to produce maltose and release a water molecule. Hydrolysis, on the other hand, uses the addition of a water molecule to break down maltose into its constituent two glucose molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Lipids are a diverse group of organic compounds characterized by their nonpolar nature and insolubility in water. They are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a high proportion of carbon and hydrogen compared to oxygen. This structural characteristic contributes to their hydrophobic nature and makes them essential for various biological functions, including energy storage, membrane structure, and hormone production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Simple lipids, like triglycerides, are composed of three fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol molecule. These fatty acids can vary in length and saturation, contributing to the diversity of lipids found in different organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The components of the equation are: glycerol, fatty acid, triglyceride, and water. The reaction being depicted is a dehydration synthesis, where water is removed as a byproduct of the joining of glycerol and fatty acids to form a triglyceride.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between their carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond between their carbon atoms. This difference in structure affects their properties, including melting point and flexibility. Saturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fatty acids are liquid at room temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Proteins are essential macromolecules in living organisms, performing a wide range of functions due to their diverse structural and functional properties. They are composed of amino acids, linked together in specific sequences to form polymers that fold into complex three-dimensional structures. This diversity in their structure enables proteins to participate in various cellular activities, including transportation, communication, structural support, catalysis, and regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. The amino group (-NH2) and the carboxyl group (-COOH) on each amino acid participate in dehydration synthesis, forming a peptide bond and linking amino acids together to form a protein. This process is crucial for creating the complex polymers that constitute proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foods high in protein include meat, eggs, and beans.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>carboxyl</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The 'R' group in the general amino acid structure represents the side chain or side group. This side chain is a unique functional group that varies among the different amino acids. It is responsible for the diverse properties and functions of each amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the 'R' group is a hydrogen atom, the amino acid is glycine, the simplest amino acid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are 20 different amino acids commonly found in proteins. These amino acids form the building blocks for all proteins in living organisms, and their specific sequence creates the unique structures and functions of each protein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The general formula for an amino acid is H2N-CHR-COOH. When two amino acids join to form a peptide bond, the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, releasing a water molecule in the process. The resulting peptide bond is formed between the carbon of the carboxyl group and the nitrogen of the amino group. This process is known as dehydration synthesis, a common method for building larger molecules from smaller units.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Enzymes, a type of protein, act as biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. They exhibit high specificity, interacting with specific substrates, much like a lock and key mechanism. After catalyzing a reaction and releasing the products, enzymes remain unchanged and can be reused for subsequent reactions. While a small amount of enzyme is sufficient to catalyze a large amount of substrate, each enzyme has optimal conditions, such as pH and temperature, for its most effective function. This ensures efficient and controlled biochemical activity within living organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salivary amylase and pepsin, both digestive enzymes, operate in different locations with distinct substrates and conditions. Salivary amylase functions in the mouth, breaking down starch into simpler sugars at a neutral pH (6-7) and a body temperature of 37°C. In contrast, pepsin, found in the stomach, breaks down proteins into smaller peptides at a highly acidic pH of 2 and a similar body temperature of 37°C. This difference in their optimal environments reflects their specialized roles in digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The active site of an enzyme is a specific three-dimensional region on the enzyme's surface where the substrate binds. It is characterized by a unique shape and chemical environment that allows for a tight and specific interaction with the substrate. This interaction facilitates the enzymatic reaction and allows for the efficient conversion of the substrate into products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal pH for enzyme B is 6.8-7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Based on the optimal pH of 2-2.2, enzyme A is most likely located in the stomach, which has a highly acidic environment with a pH around 2.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The optimal temperature for enzyme C is 15° Celsius. In Fahrenheit, this equates to 59° F (1.8 x 15 + 32 = 59).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. Nucleic acids, essential molecules for life, are comprised of DNA and RNA. These polymers are built from smaller units called nucleotides, which are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. DNA, the genetic material, is stored in the nucleus, while RNA plays a crucial role in protein synthesis. Additionally, ATP, a critical energy carrier molecule, is also derived from a nucleotide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This statement is true. The backbone of DNA and RNA is formed by the alternating sugar-phosphate units. Deoxyribose sugar in DNA and ribose sugar in RNA form phosphodiester bonds with phosphate groups, creating a continuous and repeating chain structure. This backbone serves as the structural framework upon which the nitrogenous bases are attached., allowing for the storage and transmission of genetic information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bond that forms between nucleotides is called a phosphodiester bond. It is a type of covalent bond that connects the phosphate group of one nucleotide to the sugar of the next, creating the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The five nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four nitrogenous bases found in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases are responsible for encoding the genetic information within DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers