Macromolecule Practice Answers (PDF)

# Organic Chemistry ## Carbon Bonds - All organic molecules contain carbon. - The outer shell of carbon contains 4 electrons. - Carbon shares these electrons with other nonmetals to complete its outer shell. - Therefore, carbon is found with 4 shared pairs of electrons, meaning each carbon form...

# Organic Chemistry ## Carbon Bonds - All organic molecules contain carbon. - The outer shell of carbon contains 4 electrons. - Carbon shares these electrons with other nonmetals to complete its outer shell. - Therefore, carbon is found with 4 shared pairs of electrons, meaning each carbon forms 4 covalent bonds. - Carbon is typically found bound to other carbon atoms, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and/or sulfur. - Carbon chains typically form the basic structure of most organic compounds. - Carbon atoms may be joined with single, double, or triple bonds. ### Question 1 | Formula | Bond | 8 shared e-? | |---|---|---| | C₂H₆ | Single | yes | | C₂H₄ | Double | yes | | C₂H₂ | Triple | yes | ## Carbohydrates - Carbohydrates are organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only. - You will often have close to a ratio of 1:2:1 for the C: H: O. - Therefore, there are typically 2 hydrogens for each carbon or oxygen. ### 3 Types of Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. - Monosaccharides are often called simple sugars. - They are the building blocks of other sugars. - The 3 most common monosaccharides are glucose, galactose, and fructose. ### Carbohydrate Isomers **Glucose:** - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH **Galactose:** - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH **Fructose:** - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH ### Disaccharides - When two monosaccharides combine, they form a disaccharide. - These can contain 2 of the same simple sugar or 2 different simple sugars. - Some common disaccharides are maltose, sucrose, and lactose. ### Questions 1. Maltose: 2 glucose 2. Sucrose: fructose + glucose 3. Lactose: galactose + glucose #### What is the common name for sucrose? - Table sugar. ### Polysaccharides - The most complex carbohydrates are the polysaccharides. - They are made of long chains of simple sugars. - Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are polysaccharides. - Large units that are made of repeating units are called polymers. - Polysaccharides are polymers. ### Questions 1. Use a resource to determine what makes up the repeating units of starch and cellulose. 2. Use a resource to name another type of organic polymer: polypeptide, nylon, polypropylene. ## Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis - Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are all synthesized and broken down. - In dehydration synthesis, a hydrogen atom from one molecule joins with a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another molecule to form water. - Leaving the 2 molecules bonded by an oxygen atom. - 2 molecules of glucose are bound in this way pictured below. #### Dehydration Synthesis - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH + - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH → - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH + - H₂O - Glucose + Glucose → Maltose + Water #### Hydrolysis - In hydrolysis, complex organic molecules are broken down by the addition of water components - H⁺ and OH^-. This is pictured below: - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH + - H₂O → - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH + - CH₂OH - C=O - HO-C-H - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - H-C-OH - CH₂OH - Maltose + Water → Glucose + Glucose - Both processes, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis, require certain conditions, pH and temperature, and the presence of specific enzymes to take place. - All macromolecules are assembled and disassembled with these processes. ### Question 1. In what life process does hydrolysis occur? Digestion ### Summary of Processes | Reactants | Products | |---|---| | 2 glucose | maltose + water | | maltose + water | 2 glucose | ## Lipids - Lipids are a group of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, waxes, and related substances. - Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. - Phospholipids in the membranes of cells also contain phosphorous. - There is no definite ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen. - There is very little oxygen compared to the amounts of carbon and hydrogen. - Lipids are also nonpolar and do not dissolve in water. - The simplest lipids are made of 3 fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule. ### Question 1. Label each of the components in the equation below. What type of reaction is shown in the equation? - Glycerol + Fatty Acid → Triglyceride + Water - H-C-O-H - HO-C-H + HO-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ - H-C-O-H + HO-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ - H + HO-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃→ - H-C-O-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ - H-C-O-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ + 3H₂O - H-C-O-C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-CH₃ - H ### Use a resource to determine the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. ## Proteins - Proteins are the most abundant type of organic macromolecule in cells. - They are made of amino acids. - Amino acids are linked together to form a polymer. - Proteins are large and complex molecules. - The variety of proteins in the cell have many jobs: communication, transport, structural support, etc. - Some specific examples are hormones, enzymes, pigments, and fibers. - The amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. - There are 2 amino acids that contain sulfur. - Amino acids are linked together using dehydration synthesis and form peptide bonds. - Sometimes proteins are called polypeptides (many peptide bonds). - This bond involves the amino group from one molecule and the carboxyl group from another. ### Questions 1. Name 3 foods high in protein. 2. At right is the general structure of an amino acid. Circle the amino group and put a box around the carboxyl. - H - R - N- C - C - H H O-H ### Using a resource, determine what “R” is in the general amino acid structure. - Side chain ### If "R" is a hydrogen atom, what amino acid is this? - Glycine ### How many different amino acids exist?: - 20 ### Use the general formaula for amino acids, in the space below, show the formation of a peptide bond. Be sure to include the loss of water. - H - N - C - C - O + - H H H - Peptide - H - N - C - C - O - H H H ## Enzymes - Enzymes are a type of protein that speed up chemical reactions. - These are called catalysts. - Enzymes are highly specific. - One enzyme will catalyze one specific reaction, like a lock and a key fit. - The substance that an enzyme acts upon is called the substrate. - When the reaction is completed, the enzyme and newly formed products will separate, leaving the enzyme unchanged. - The enzyme can be used repeatedly. - Only a small amount of enzyme is needed to catalyze the reaction of a large amount of material. - Each enzyme has a optimal range of pH and temperature in which is operates. #### Diagram - Substrate - Active site - Enzyme changes shape slightly as substrate binds - Products - Substrate entering active site of enzyme - Enzyme/substrate complex - Enzyme/products complex - Products leaving active site of enzyme ### Questions 1. Comapre salivary amylase and pepsin in the digestive tract. These are enzymes, but work in different conditions. Explain these differences in the table below: | Location | Substrate | Favorable conditions (pH and temperature) | |---|---|---| | Salivary amylase | Mouth | Starch: pH 6-7, 37° | | Pepsin | Stomach | Protein: pH 2-3, 37° | ### Define: What is the active site of the enzyme? - The active site is the region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate and catalyzes the reaction. ## Nucleic Acids - There are 2 types of nucleic acid polymers - DNA and RNA. - These are both constructed from nucleotides. - ATP (the product of cellular respiration) is also made from a nucleotide. - Each nucleotide has 3 parts - a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen base (A T C G or U), and a phosphate group. - DNA is stored in the nucleus as chromosomes and RNA is used in protein synthesis. - The sugar and phosphate will polymerize to make the long backbone of DNA aor RNA. #### Nucleotide Polymerization Reaction: Phosphodiester Bond Formation - [Diagram of a nucleotide] ### Questions 1. What type of bond forms between nucleotides? - Phosphodiester bond - Covalent 2. What are the nucleotide bases? - A: Adenine - T: Thymine - C: Cytosine - G: Guanine - U: Uracil 3. What 4 bases are found in DNA? - ATCG 4. What four bases are found in RNA? - AUCG ## Enzyme Activity - [Diagram of enzyme activity] ### Questions 1. What is the optimal pH for enzyme B? - 6.8-7 2. What is the optimal pH for enzyme A? - 2-2.2 3. Where in the human body is enzyme A most likely located? - Stomach 4. What is the optimal temperature for Ezyme C? What is this in Fahrenheit if (1.8C + 32 = F)? - 15° C, 59° F