Introduction to Carbon and Compounds

Carbon is a nonmetallic element with atomic number 6
It is tetravalent, meaning it can form four covalent bonds with other atoms
Carbon's ability to form strong covalent bonds with itself and other elements is a key factor in the formation of a vast array of organic molecules.
This ability to catenate (bond to itself) allows the formation of long chains, branched structures, and rings of carbon atoms.
Carbon's versatility allows it to combine with elements such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, hence the name organic chemistry.
The wide range of carbon-based molecules accounts for the complexity of life.

Organic Compounds: These compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, often with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
- Examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, which form the basis of all living organisms.
- The properties of organic compounds are diverse, ranging from gases like methane to solids like diamonds.
Inorganic Compounds: Compounds that do not have carbon-hydrogen bonds are called inorganic.
- Common examples include carbon dioxide (CO2), carbonates (like calcium carbonate, CaCO3), and oxides of carbon (like carbon monoxide, CO).
- These compounds often have distinctly different properties than organic compounds.

Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element.
Carbon has several allotropes with unique physical and chemical properties.
- Diamond: A rigid, transparent, high-melting-point solid. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms in a tetrahedral arrangement.
- Graphite: A soft, black, slippery solid. Carbon atoms are arranged in layers, with each layer bonded to each other by weak forces. The layers are easily slid against each other, resulting in graphite's softness.
- Fullerenes: Molecules composed of carbon atoms arranged in closed cages or tubes. Buckminsterfullerene, or "buckyballs", are spherical fullerenes, while carbon nanotubes are cylindrical.
- Amorphous Carbon: This is not a distinct form but refers to various non-crystalline forms of carbon, such as charcoal, coke, and lampblack. The structure is disordered and irregular.

Essential for Life: Carbon-based molecules (often called organic molecules) form the backbone of all living organisms.
- They are crucial for building and maintaining cells, functioning as structural components, and catalyzing biochemical reactions (enzymes).
Industrial Applications: Carbon and its compounds are used extensively in various industries.
- Diamond is used in cutting tools due to its hardness.
- Graphite is used in pencils, lubricants, and as a component in batteries.
- Coal and petroleum are important sources of energy and feedstocks for the chemical industry.
Material Science: Properties of carbon-based materials are being explored and developed for advanced applications.
- Carbon nanotubes have exceptional strength and electrical conductivity, leading to applications in nanoelectronics and composite materials.
Energy Sources: Fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), which are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen, are major energy sources globally.
Chemical Building Blocks: Carbon forms the foundation upon which a vast array of chemicals is built and used in many products in everyday life.

Covalent Bonding: Carbon atoms tend to form strong covalent bonds with other atoms, including themselves.
Bond Angles & Lengths: The tetrahedral geometry of carbon-carbon bonds impacts the shape and reactivity of molecules. The specific angles and lengths influence how molecules interact.
Isomerism: Organic molecules can have different structural arrangements (isomers) while sharing the same chemical formula, leading to different properties.
Solubility: The solubility of carbon compounds depends on the polarity and size of the molecules.
Melting and Boiling Points: Generally, carbon compounds with more carbons have higher melting and boiling points due to the increasing strength of intermolecular forces.

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within organic molecules that are responsible for most of the chemical reactions.
Different functional groups result in different properties and reactivities.
- Examples of functional groups include hydroxyl (-OH), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), and carbonyl (C=O).
Understanding functional groups is important for predicting and explaining the behaviors of carbon compounds.