Organic Molecules and Carbon Structures
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary defining characteristic of lipids? (Select one)

  • They make up approximately 40% of the organic matter in the average human body.
  • They are formed by bonding glycerol to 3 fatty acids.
  • They are nonpolar and insoluble in water. (correct)
  • They are predominantly composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

What type of bond joins the fatty acids to glycerol in a triglyceride? (Select one)

  • Ionic bond
  • Glycosidic bond
  • Peptide bond
  • Ester bond (correct)

What is the name given to a linear chain of amino acids?

  • Polysaccharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Monomer
  • Polypeptide (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a component of a protein?

<p>Phosphorous (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of polysaccharides? (Select one)

<p>Hormonal regulation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process that breaks down a disaccharide into two monosaccharides? (Select one)

<p>Hydrolysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between amino acids in a polypeptide chain?

<p>Peptide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a disaccharide? (Select one)

<p>Lactose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the side chain of an amino acid?

<p>To determine the structure and function of the protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is responsible for breaking down polypeptides into individual amino acids?

<p>Hydrolysis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the bond connecting two monosaccharides in a disaccharide called? (Select one)

<p>Glycosidic bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of lipid? (Select one)

<p>Carbohydrates (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that links two monosaccharides together to form a disaccharide? (Select one)

<p>Dehydration Synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of saturated fats?

<p>They are typically found in plant-based oils. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of fats in the body?

<p>To act as a primary source of energy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key structural difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

<p>Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fats have at least one double bond. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of phospholipids?

<p>They are amphipathic, meaning they have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of steroids?

<p>They are essential components of cell membranes, forming the phospholipid bilayer. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbon atoms?

<p>Carbon atoms always form polar bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which functional group is responsible for the acidic properties of organic molecules?

<p>Carboxyl group (-COOH) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the difference between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions?

<p>Dehydration reactions involve the loss of a water molecule, while hydrolysis reactions involve the addition of a water molecule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE about organic molecules and their solubility in water?

<p>Organic molecules with polar bonds are more soluble in water than those with nonpolar bonds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon?

<p>Covalent bond (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a macromolecule?

<p>Protein (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is carbon a key element in organic chemistry?

<p>Carbon can form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of functional groups?

<p>They are always found in the center of organic molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to protein folding and stability?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structure of a protein determined by?

<p>The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to regions in a protein that are neither alpha-helices nor beta-sheets?

<p>Random coiled regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of protein structure is formed when two or more polypeptide chains associate?

<p>Quaternary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can denature a protein?

<p>Low concentration of polar molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process that breaks down the secondary and tertiary structure of a protein?

<p>Denaturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction is primarily involved in the binding of two proteins at their surfaces?

<p>Hydrogen bonding and other polar interactions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these correctly describes the relationship between carbohydrates, monomers, and polymers?

<p>Carbohydrates are polymers, which are composed of monomers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about protein denaturation is TRUE?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between dehydration and hydrolysis reactions in terms of their effect on polymers?

<p>Dehydration reactions build up polymers, while hydrolysis reactions involve breaking them down. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of carbohydrates?

<p>They are always polymers, made of repeating monosaccharide units. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct classification of glucose (C6H12O6)?

<p>Monosaccharide (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common pentose (5-carbon sugar)?

<p>Glucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the structures of monosaccharides is CORRECT?

<p>Monosaccharides can exist in both linear and ring forms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the ability of enzymes to catalyze dehydration and hydrolysis reactions crucial for biological systems?

<p>They allow monomers to be both joined together and broken down efficiently, facilitating the building and breaking of biological molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of carbohydrates within living organisms?

<p>Providing energy and acting as structural components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dehydration Reaction

A process that removes a water molecule when forming polymers from monomers.

Monomer

The basic building block of polymers, such as monosaccharides for carbohydrates.

Polymer

A large molecule made up of multiple repeating monomer units.

Hydrolysis Reaction

A process that adds a water molecule to break down polymers into monomers.

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Carbohydrates

Organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; typically in the form of monosaccharides.

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Monosaccharides

The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of one sugar unit, usually with 5 or 6 carbon atoms.

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Hexose

A type of monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, such as glucose.

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Pentose

A type of monosaccharide with five carbon atoms, such as ribose.

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Testosterone

A steroid hormone important for male development and sexual function.

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Amino Acid

Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins; contain amino and carboxyl groups.

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Peptide Bond

A chemical bond formed between two amino acids during protein synthesis, linking their carboxyl and amino groups.

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Polypeptide

A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; can fold into proteins.

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Protein Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down proteins into amino acids by adding water, reversing peptide bond formation.

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Saturated Fats

Fats where all carbon bonds are single; usually solid at room temperature.

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Unsaturated Fats

Fats containing one or more double bonds; typically liquid at room temperature.

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Phospholipids

Molecules made of glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group; amphipathic in nature.

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Steroids

Lipids with four interconnected carbon rings; often insoluble in water.

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Trans Fats

Artificially created fats that can increase risk of disease; formed from unsaturated fats.

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Organic Molecules

Molecules that contain carbon and are abundant in living organisms.

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Macromolecules

Large, complex organic molecules essential for life's functions.

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Carbon Atom Bonds

Carbon can form up to four bonds, either single or double.

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Polar vs Nonpolar Bonds

Polar bonds are water soluble; nonpolar bonds are not.

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Functional Groups

Groups of atoms that confer specific chemical properties to organic molecules.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers by adding water.

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Electronegativity of Oxygen

Oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, which affects bond polarity.

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Primary Structure

The sequence of amino acids in a protein, encoded directly by genes.

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Secondary Structure

The local folding of the polypeptide chain into structures like α helices and β pleated sheets due to interactions.

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Tertiary Structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, resulting from further folding and interactions.

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Quaternary Structure

The structure formed by two or more polypeptide chains, also called protein subunits, combining together.

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Factors Promoting Folding

Five key interactions that stabilize protein structures: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effects, Van der Waals forces, and disulfide bridges.

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Denaturation

The process where a protein loses its secondary and tertiary structure due to heat, pH changes, or other conditions.

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Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attractions between hydrogen atoms and electronegative atoms, important for secondary structure formation.

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Ionic Bonds in Proteins

Attractions between positively and negatively charged ions that help stabilize protein structures.

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D-Glucose Structure

Linear and ring forms of the simple sugar D-glucose.

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Disaccharides

Sugars composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond.

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Glycosidic Bond

The bond formed between two monosaccharides in a disaccharide.

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Polysaccharides

Long chains of monosaccharides linked together, forming complex sugars.

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Lipids

Organic compounds mainly made of carbon and hydrogen, known for being nonpolar and insoluble in water.

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Fats (Triglycerides)

Lipids formed from glycerol bonded to three fatty acids through dehydration reactions.

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Study Notes

Organic Molecules: The Basis of Life

  • Organic molecules are abundant in living organisms
  • Organic molecules contain carbon
  • Macromolecules are large, complex organic molecules

Carbon Atom and Bonds

  • Carbon has 4 electrons in its outer shell
  • Carbon needs 4 more electrons to fill its outer shell
  • It can make up to 4 bonds
  • Carbon bonds can be single or double bonds
  • Molecules with single bonds can be polar or nonpolar
  • Molecules with nonpolar bonds aren't easily dissolved in water (like hydrocarbons)
  • Molecules with polar bonds are water-soluble.

Atomic Structure of Carbon

  • A carbon atom has 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons
  • The first electron shell is filled with 2 electrons
  • The second electron shell has an s orbital with 2 electrons and p orbitals that can each have 1 or 0 electrons

Functional Groups

  • Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical features that are important
  • Each type of functional group exhibits the same properties in all molecules in which it occurs.

Functional Groups Table

Functional Group Structure Properties
Hydroxyl R-O-H Polar
Methyl R-CH3 Nonpolar
Carbonyl R-C=O-R' Polar
Carboxyl R-C(=O)OH Charged, releases H+; considered acidic
Amino R-NH2 Charged, accepts H+; considered basic
Phosphate R-OPO3^2- Charged, releases H+; considered acidic
Sulfhydryl R-SH Polar

Formation of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules

  • Dehydration reaction: links monomers to form polymers
  • Hydrolysis: breaks polymers down into monomers
  • The process of dehydration repeats to form long polymers and involves removing a molecule of water each time a new monomer is added.
  • Dehydration and hydrolysis are catalyzed by enzymes.

Four Major Types of Organic Molecules and Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (Cn(H₂O)n)
  • Most carbons are linked to a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl group.
  • Polymers composed of monomer units = monosaccharides
  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars
  • Common monosaccharides: pentoses (ribose, deoxyribose) and hexoses (glucose).

Disaccharides

  • Composed of two monosaccharides
  • Joined by a dehydration reaction (forming a glycosidic bond)
  • Broken apart by hydrolysis
  • Examples: sucrose, maltose, lactose

Polysaccharides

  • Many monosaccharides linked together to form long polymers
  • Examples: Starch (energy storage), glycogen (energy storage), cellulose (structural), chitin(structural), glycosaminoglycans (structural)

Lipids

  • Composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Nonpolar, insoluble in water
  • Include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
  • Fats comprise around 40% of the organic matter in humans.
  • Composed of units, but not uniformly repeated as in traditional polymers

Fats (Triglycerides)

  • Formed by bonding glycerol to three fatty acids
  • Joined by dehydration, broken apart by hydrolysis

Fatty Acids

  • Saturated: all carbons linked by single bonds (solid at room temp.)
  • Unsaturated: one or more double bonds (liquid at room temp.; known as oils)
  • Cis form and Trans form exist

Animal vs. Plant Fats

  • Animal fats are usually saturated fats
  • Plant fats are usually unsaturated fats

Phospholipids

  • Formed from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
  • Amphipathic molecules (both polar and nonpolar)
  • Phosphate head is polar/hydrophilic
  • Fatty acid tails are nonpolar/hydrophobic

Steroids

  • Four interconnected rings of carbon atoms
  • Usually insoluble in water
  • Examples: cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone

Proteins

  • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and small amounts of other elements, notably sulfur
  • Monomer units are amino acids (20 different amino acids)
  • Common structure with variable side chains that determine structure and function

Amino Acid Structure

  • Amino group (+ charged at neutral pH)
  • Carboxyl group (- charged at neutral pH)
  • Variable R-group (side chain)

Polypeptide Formation

  • Amino acids joined by dehydration to form a peptide bond
  • Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides
  • Proteins may be formed from one or several polypeptides
  • Polypeptides are broken down by hydrolysis.

Protein Structure: Levels of Organization

  • Primary: Linear sequence of amino acids
  • Secondary: Hydrogen bonds cause folding into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets, or random coiled regions. This is determined by interactions of amino acids in the primary structure.
  • Tertiary: Three-dimensional shape formed by interactions involving R groups and the environment.
  • Quaternary: Multiple polypeptide chains associated to form a complete protein.

Factors Promoting Protein Folding and Stability

  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Ionic Bonds and polar interactions
  • Hydrophobic effects
  • Van der Waals Forces
  • Disulfide bridges

Protein-Protein Interactions

  • Many cellular processes involve steps where proteins interact
  • Specific binding at the surface
  • Use first four factors to bind: hydrogen bonds, ionic bounds and other polar interactions, hydrophobic effects, and Van der Waals forces.

Denaturing a Protein

  • High temperature or pH changes or high concentrations of polar/nonpolar substances can cause protein denaturation (breaking of secondary and tertiary structure).
  • When cooled, some proteins return to their normal tertiary structure. This demonstrates the information to specify protein shape is contained in the primary structure.

Nucleic Acids

  • Responsible for storing, expressing, and transmitting genetic information
  • Two types: DNA and RNA
  • Monomer unit = nucleotide

Nucleotide Structure

  • Composed of: a phosphate group; a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose); and a base.
  • Nucleotides linked into a polymer by a backbone .

DNA vs. RNA

Feature DNA RNA
Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose
Base Thymine (T), Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C) Uracil (U), Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)
Strands Two strands, double helix Single strand
Forms One form Several forms (messenger, ribosomal, etc.)

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Organic Molecules PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of organic molecules and the unique properties of carbon atoms through this quiz. Understand the significance of functional groups and the atomic structure of carbon that makes it the backbone of life. Test your knowledge about carbon's bonding capabilities and its interactions with other molecules.

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