Organic Chemistry Bonds
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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

  • Sigma bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Ionic bond
  • Pi bond

    • What is a characteristic of aromatic functional groups?

  • They are always linear
  • They are always found in synthetic compounds
  • They are always insoluble in water
  • They have a cyclic structure with pi bonds (correct)

    • What is the effect of adding halogens to diethyl ether?

  • It decreases lipid solubility
  • It has no effect on flammability or lipid solubility
  • It increases flammability
  • It decreases flammability and increases lipid solubility (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the kidneys and lungs in maintaining pH balance?

    <p>They act as buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the ionization of a drug?

    <p>pKA of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some medications become 'stuck' in the fetus?

    <p>Because the fetus has a lower pH than the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fatty acids that makes them hydrophobic?

    <p>The presence of an alkyl chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>To produce bile and synthesize hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To mark antigens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>To provide energy and cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of phospholipids that makes them suitable for forming cell membranes?

    <p>Their dual polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of bonds and strength in organic chemistry?

    <p>The number of bonds increases as the strength increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are two single (sigma) bonds stronger than a double (pi) bond?

    <p>Because sigma bonds are formed by end-to-end overlap, which is stronger than the side-by-side overlap of pi bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are double bonds typically composed of in organic chemistry?

    <p>One sigma bond and one pi bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are triple bonds typically composed of?

    <p>One sigma and two pi bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkane?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon with a single bond between carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkene?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkyne?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon with triple bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the metabolism of alkynes?

    <p>They are hard to metabolize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alcohol in organic chemistry?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenol in organic chemistry?

    <p>A molecule with a hydroxyl group (OH) bonded directly to a phenol/aromatic ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____ is more water soluble than alcohol

    <p>Phenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ether comprised of?

    <p>A molecule with one oxygen connecting two carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do ether groups have on water solubility?

    <p>Increase water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What made diethyl ether a poor choice as an inhalational anesthetic?

    <p>It was highly flammable and toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amine in the context of organic chemistry?

    <p>A type of functional group with a Nitrogen bonded to a Carbon or Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbonyl group in organic chemistry?

    <p>A functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carboxylic acid?

    <p>An organic compound containing a carbonyl carbon and a hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a carboxylic acid different from an alcohol?

    <p>Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group between the −OH and −R groups, while alcohols do not (R−OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an acid donates a hydrogen to a base, what is the acid now called?

    <p>Conjugate base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a base accepts a proton, what is it now called?

    <p>Conjugate acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of drug ionization on membrane transport?

    <p>Decreased transport, as charged molecules are less likely to pass through the lipid bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main biological macromolecules?

    <p>Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amino acids typically composed of?

    <p>Amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fatty acids composed of?

    <p>Alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impaired bile production affect bleeding?

    <p>Decreased absorption of vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of a carbohydrate?

    <p>Hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded to a carbon backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in organic chemistry?

    <p>Energy storage and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why aren't many drugs made of carbohydrates?

    <p>Carbohydrates are costly to synthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of amino acids in organic chemistry?

    <p>Perform chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbonyl is C=O

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carboxylic acid is O=C-OH

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ether is C-O-C

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkyl is alkene minus H i.e. CH3 instead of CH4

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Compounds

    • Made predominantly of carbon atoms
    • Most drugs are organic
    • Flammable if organic

    Bonds

    • Ionic bonds: gain or lose electrons, increasing osmolarity in solution
    • Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons

    Bond Strength

    • Double bonds: one sigma and one pi bond
    • Triple bonds: one sigma and two pi bonds
    • Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
    • 2 single bonds are stronger than a double bond due to more sigma bonds

    Functional Groups

    • Alkanes: only carbon and hydrogen
    • Alkenes: carbon and hydrogen with double bonds
    • Alkynes: carbon and hydrogen with triple bonds, harder to metabolize
    • Aromatics: cyclic structure with pi (double) bonds, found in nature and drugs
    • Alcohols: carbon, hydrogen, and hydroxyl (OH) group
    • Phenols: hydroxyl group and phenol ring, more water-soluble than alcohols
    • Ethers: oxygen connecting two carbon atoms, increases water solubility
    • Amines: nitrogen added to carbon or hydrogen
    • Carbonyls: carbon and oxygen with double bond
    • Carboxylic acids: carbon, hydroxyl group, and oxygen, easy to remove proton from hydroxyl group

    pH and Buffers

    • Combining acid and base: neutralization
    • Acids donate H ions to bases
    • Buffer systems: kidneys and lungs
    • Drug ionization depends on pKa
    • Unionized drugs can cross lipid membranes, ionized drugs cannot

    Biological Macromolecules

    • Amino acids: amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond
    • Fatty acids (lipids): alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end
    • Carbohydrates: hydrated carbon, functions in energy, cell recognition, and structural support

    Proteins

    • Made up of amino acids
    • Enzymes: speed up or cause actions, catalyze reactions
    • Regulatory proteins: G-protein receptors, secondary messengers
    • Transport proteins: neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, efflux pumps
    • Antibodies: essential for immune function, attach to antigens for destruction
    • Signaling proteins: carry messages between cells, e.g., cytokines and hormones

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    Description

    Explore the basics of organic chemistry, including the characteristics of organic compounds and different types of bonds, such as ionic and covalent bonds. Learn about single, double, and triple bonds, and their properties.

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