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Questions and Answers
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
- Sigma bond
- Covalent bond (correct)
- Ionic bond
- Pi bond
What is a characteristic of aromatic functional groups?
What is a characteristic of aromatic functional groups?
- They are always linear
- They are always found in synthetic compounds
- They are always insoluble in water
- They have a cyclic structure with pi bonds (correct)
What is the effect of adding halogens to diethyl ether?
What is the effect of adding halogens to diethyl ether?
- It decreases lipid solubility
- It has no effect on flammability or lipid solubility
- It increases flammability
- It decreases flammability and increases lipid solubility (correct)
What is the purpose of the kidneys and lungs in maintaining pH balance?
What is the purpose of the kidneys and lungs in maintaining pH balance?
What determines the ionization of a drug?
What determines the ionization of a drug?
Why do some medications become 'stuck' in the fetus?
Why do some medications become 'stuck' in the fetus?
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that makes them hydrophobic?
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that makes them hydrophobic?
What is the function of cholesterol in the body?
What is the function of cholesterol in the body?
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
What is the characteristic of phospholipids that makes them suitable for forming cell membranes?
What is the characteristic of phospholipids that makes them suitable for forming cell membranes?
What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons?
What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons?
What is the relationship between the number of bonds and strength in organic chemistry?
What is the relationship between the number of bonds and strength in organic chemistry?
Why are two single (sigma) bonds stronger than a double (pi) bond?
Why are two single (sigma) bonds stronger than a double (pi) bond?
What are double bonds typically composed of in organic chemistry?
What are double bonds typically composed of in organic chemistry?
What are triple bonds typically composed of?
What are triple bonds typically composed of?
What is an alkane?
What is an alkane?
What is an alkene?
What is an alkene?
What is an alkyne?
What is an alkyne?
What is unique about the metabolism of alkynes?
What is unique about the metabolism of alkynes?
What is an alcohol in organic chemistry?
What is an alcohol in organic chemistry?
What is a phenol in organic chemistry?
What is a phenol in organic chemistry?
A ____ is more water soluble than alcohol
A ____ is more water soluble than alcohol
What is an ether comprised of?
What is an ether comprised of?
What effect do ether groups have on water solubility?
What effect do ether groups have on water solubility?
What made diethyl ether a poor choice as an inhalational anesthetic?
What made diethyl ether a poor choice as an inhalational anesthetic?
What is an amine in the context of organic chemistry?
What is an amine in the context of organic chemistry?
What is a carbonyl group in organic chemistry?
What is a carbonyl group in organic chemistry?
What is a carboxylic acid?
What is a carboxylic acid?
How is a carboxylic acid different from an alcohol?
How is a carboxylic acid different from an alcohol?
When an acid donates a hydrogen to a base, what is the acid now called?
When an acid donates a hydrogen to a base, what is the acid now called?
When a base accepts a proton, what is it now called?
When a base accepts a proton, what is it now called?
What is the effect of drug ionization on membrane transport?
What is the effect of drug ionization on membrane transport?
What are the main biological macromolecules?
What are the main biological macromolecules?
What are amino acids typically composed of?
What are amino acids typically composed of?
What are fatty acids composed of?
What are fatty acids composed of?
How does impaired bile production affect bleeding?
How does impaired bile production affect bleeding?
What is the general structure of a carbohydrate?
What is the general structure of a carbohydrate?
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in organic chemistry?
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in organic chemistry?
Why aren't many drugs made of carbohydrates?
Why aren't many drugs made of carbohydrates?
What are the main functions of amino acids in organic chemistry?
What are the main functions of amino acids in organic chemistry?
Carbonyl is C=O
Carbonyl is C=O
Carboxylic acid is O=C-OH
Carboxylic acid is O=C-OH
Ether is C-O-C
Ether is C-O-C
Alkyl is alkene minus H i.e. CH3 instead of CH4
Alkyl is alkene minus H i.e. CH3 instead of CH4
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Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Made predominantly of carbon atoms
- Most drugs are organic
- Flammable if organic
Bonds
- Ionic bonds: gain or lose electrons, increasing osmolarity in solution
- Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons
Bond Strength
- Double bonds: one sigma and one pi bond
- Triple bonds: one sigma and two pi bonds
- Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
- 2 single bonds are stronger than a double bond due to more sigma bonds
Functional Groups
- Alkanes: only carbon and hydrogen
- Alkenes: carbon and hydrogen with double bonds
- Alkynes: carbon and hydrogen with triple bonds, harder to metabolize
- Aromatics: cyclic structure with pi (double) bonds, found in nature and drugs
- Alcohols: carbon, hydrogen, and hydroxyl (OH) group
- Phenols: hydroxyl group and phenol ring, more water-soluble than alcohols
- Ethers: oxygen connecting two carbon atoms, increases water solubility
- Amines: nitrogen added to carbon or hydrogen
- Carbonyls: carbon and oxygen with double bond
- Carboxylic acids: carbon, hydroxyl group, and oxygen, easy to remove proton from hydroxyl group
pH and Buffers
- Combining acid and base: neutralization
- Acids donate H ions to bases
- Buffer systems: kidneys and lungs
- Drug ionization depends on pKa
- Unionized drugs can cross lipid membranes, ionized drugs cannot
Biological Macromolecules
- Amino acids: amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond
- Fatty acids (lipids): alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end
- Carbohydrates: hydrated carbon, functions in energy, cell recognition, and structural support
Proteins
- Made up of amino acids
- Enzymes: speed up or cause actions, catalyze reactions
- Regulatory proteins: G-protein receptors, secondary messengers
- Transport proteins: neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, efflux pumps
- Antibodies: essential for immune function, attach to antigens for destruction
- Signaling proteins: carry messages between cells, e.g., cytokines and hormones
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