45 Questions
What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?
Covalent bond
What is a characteristic of aromatic functional groups?
They have a cyclic structure with pi bonds
What is the effect of adding halogens to diethyl ether?
It decreases flammability and increases lipid solubility
What is the purpose of the kidneys and lungs in maintaining pH balance?
They act as buffers
What determines the ionization of a drug?
pKA of the drug
Why do some medications become 'stuck' in the fetus?
Because the fetus has a lower pH than the mother
What is the characteristic of fatty acids that makes them hydrophobic?
The presence of an alkyl chain
What is the function of cholesterol in the body?
To produce bile and synthesize hormones
What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?
To mark antigens for destruction
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
To provide energy and cell recognition
What is the characteristic of phospholipids that makes them suitable for forming cell membranes?
Their dual polarity
What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons?
Ionic bond
What is the relationship between the number of bonds and strength in organic chemistry?
The number of bonds increases as the strength increases.
Why are two single (sigma) bonds stronger than a double (pi) bond?
Because sigma bonds are formed by end-to-end overlap, which is stronger than the side-by-side overlap of pi bonds.
What are double bonds typically composed of in organic chemistry?
One sigma bond and one pi bond
What are triple bonds typically composed of?
One sigma and two pi bonds
What is an alkane?
A type of hydrocarbon with a single bond between carbon atoms
What is an alkene?
A type of hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond
What is an alkyne?
A type of hydrocarbon with triple bonds
What is unique about the metabolism of alkynes?
They are hard to metabolize
What is an alcohol in organic chemistry?
A type of hydrocarbon containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to C
What is a phenol in organic chemistry?
A molecule with a hydroxyl group (OH) bonded directly to a phenol/aromatic ring
A ____ is more water soluble than alcohol
Phenol
What is an ether comprised of?
A molecule with one oxygen connecting two carbon atoms
What effect do ether groups have on water solubility?
Increase water solubility
What made diethyl ether a poor choice as an inhalational anesthetic?
It was highly flammable and toxic
What is an amine in the context of organic chemistry?
A type of functional group with a Nitrogen bonded to a Carbon or Hydrogen
What is a carbonyl group in organic chemistry?
A functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond
What is a carboxylic acid?
An organic compound containing a carbonyl carbon and a hydroxyl group
How is a carboxylic acid different from an alcohol?
Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group between the −OH and −R groups, while alcohols do not (R−OH)
When an acid donates a hydrogen to a base, what is the acid now called?
Conjugate base
When a base accepts a proton, what is it now called?
Conjugate acid
What is the effect of drug ionization on membrane transport?
Decreased transport, as charged molecules are less likely to pass through the lipid bilayer.
What are the main biological macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Fatty Acids
What are amino acids typically composed of?
Amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond
What are fatty acids composed of?
Alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end
How does impaired bile production affect bleeding?
Decreased absorption of vitamin K
What is the general structure of a carbohydrate?
Hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded to a carbon backbone
What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in organic chemistry?
Energy storage and release
Why aren't many drugs made of carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates are costly to synthesize
What are the main functions of amino acids in organic chemistry?
Perform chemical reactions
Carbonyl is C=O
True
Carboxylic acid is O=C-OH
True
Ether is C-O-C
True
Alkyl is alkene minus H i.e. CH3 instead of CH4
True
Study Notes
Organic Compounds
- Made predominantly of carbon atoms
- Most drugs are organic
- Flammable if organic
Bonds
- Ionic bonds: gain or lose electrons, increasing osmolarity in solution
- Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons
Bond Strength
- Double bonds: one sigma and one pi bond
- Triple bonds: one sigma and two pi bonds
- Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
- 2 single bonds are stronger than a double bond due to more sigma bonds
Functional Groups
- Alkanes: only carbon and hydrogen
- Alkenes: carbon and hydrogen with double bonds
- Alkynes: carbon and hydrogen with triple bonds, harder to metabolize
- Aromatics: cyclic structure with pi (double) bonds, found in nature and drugs
- Alcohols: carbon, hydrogen, and hydroxyl (OH) group
- Phenols: hydroxyl group and phenol ring, more water-soluble than alcohols
- Ethers: oxygen connecting two carbon atoms, increases water solubility
- Amines: nitrogen added to carbon or hydrogen
- Carbonyls: carbon and oxygen with double bond
- Carboxylic acids: carbon, hydroxyl group, and oxygen, easy to remove proton from hydroxyl group
pH and Buffers
- Combining acid and base: neutralization
- Acids donate H ions to bases
- Buffer systems: kidneys and lungs
- Drug ionization depends on pKa
- Unionized drugs can cross lipid membranes, ionized drugs cannot
Biological Macromolecules
- Amino acids: amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond
- Fatty acids (lipids): alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end
- Carbohydrates: hydrated carbon, functions in energy, cell recognition, and structural support
Proteins
- Made up of amino acids
- Enzymes: speed up or cause actions, catalyze reactions
- Regulatory proteins: G-protein receptors, secondary messengers
- Transport proteins: neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, efflux pumps
- Antibodies: essential for immune function, attach to antigens for destruction
- Signaling proteins: carry messages between cells, e.g., cytokines and hormones
Explore the basics of organic chemistry, including the characteristics of organic compounds and different types of bonds, such as ionic and covalent bonds. Learn about single, double, and triple bonds, and their properties.
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