Organic Chemistry Bonds
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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed when atoms share electrons?

  • Sigma bond
  • Covalent bond (correct)
  • Ionic bond
  • Pi bond

    • What is a characteristic of aromatic functional groups?

  • They are always linear
  • They are always found in synthetic compounds
  • They are always insoluble in water
  • They have a cyclic structure with pi bonds (correct)

    • What is the effect of adding halogens to diethyl ether?

  • It decreases lipid solubility
  • It has no effect on flammability or lipid solubility
  • It increases flammability
  • It decreases flammability and increases lipid solubility (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the kidneys and lungs in maintaining pH balance?

    <p>They act as buffers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the ionization of a drug?

    <p>pKA of the drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do some medications become 'stuck' in the fetus?

    <p>Because the fetus has a lower pH than the mother</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fatty acids that makes them hydrophobic?

    <p>The presence of an alkyl chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

    <p>To produce bile and synthesize hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of antibodies in the immune system?

    <p>To mark antigens for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>To provide energy and cell recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of phospholipids that makes them suitable for forming cell membranes?

    <p>Their dual polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond is formed when atoms transfer electrons?

    <p>Ionic bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the number of bonds and strength in organic chemistry?

    <p>The number of bonds increases as the strength increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are two single (sigma) bonds stronger than a double (pi) bond?

    <p>Because sigma bonds are formed by end-to-end overlap, which is stronger than the side-by-side overlap of pi bonds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are double bonds typically composed of in organic chemistry?

    <p>One sigma bond and one pi bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are triple bonds typically composed of?

    <p>One sigma and two pi bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkane?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon with a single bond between carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkene?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alkyne?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon with triple bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the metabolism of alkynes?

    <p>They are hard to metabolize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an alcohol in organic chemistry?

    <p>A type of hydrocarbon containing a hydroxyl (-OH) group bonded to C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a phenol in organic chemistry?

    <p>A molecule with a hydroxyl group (OH) bonded directly to a phenol/aromatic ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ____ is more water soluble than alcohol

    <p>Phenol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an ether comprised of?

    <p>A molecule with one oxygen connecting two carbon atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do ether groups have on water solubility?

    <p>Increase water solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What made diethyl ether a poor choice as an inhalational anesthetic?

    <p>It was highly flammable and toxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an amine in the context of organic chemistry?

    <p>A type of functional group with a Nitrogen bonded to a Carbon or Hydrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carbonyl group in organic chemistry?

    <p>A functional group containing a carbon-oxygen double bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a carboxylic acid?

    <p>An organic compound containing a carbonyl carbon and a hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a carboxylic acid different from an alcohol?

    <p>Carboxylic acids contain a carbonyl group between the −OH and −R groups, while alcohols do not (R−OH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an acid donates a hydrogen to a base, what is the acid now called?

    <p>Conjugate base</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a base accepts a proton, what is it now called?

    <p>Conjugate acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of drug ionization on membrane transport?

    <p>Decreased transport, as charged molecules are less likely to pass through the lipid bilayer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main biological macromolecules?

    <p>Carbohydrates, Amino acids, Fatty Acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are amino acids typically composed of?

    <p>Amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are fatty acids composed of?

    <p>Alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does impaired bile production affect bleeding?

    <p>Decreased absorption of vitamin K</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general structure of a carbohydrate?

    <p>Hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonded to a carbon backbone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary functions of carbohydrates in organic chemistry?

    <p>Energy storage and release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why aren't many drugs made of carbohydrates?

    <p>Carbohydrates are costly to synthesize</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the main functions of amino acids in organic chemistry?

    <p>Perform chemical reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carbonyl is C=O

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carboxylic acid is O=C-OH

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ether is C-O-C

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alkyl is alkene minus H i.e. CH3 instead of CH4

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Organic Compounds

    • Made predominantly of carbon atoms
    • Most drugs are organic
    • Flammable if organic

    Bonds

    • Ionic bonds: gain or lose electrons, increasing osmolarity in solution
    • Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons

    Bond Strength

    • Double bonds: one sigma and one pi bond
    • Triple bonds: one sigma and two pi bonds
    • Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds
    • 2 single bonds are stronger than a double bond due to more sigma bonds

    Functional Groups

    • Alkanes: only carbon and hydrogen
    • Alkenes: carbon and hydrogen with double bonds
    • Alkynes: carbon and hydrogen with triple bonds, harder to metabolize
    • Aromatics: cyclic structure with pi (double) bonds, found in nature and drugs
    • Alcohols: carbon, hydrogen, and hydroxyl (OH) group
    • Phenols: hydroxyl group and phenol ring, more water-soluble than alcohols
    • Ethers: oxygen connecting two carbon atoms, increases water solubility
    • Amines: nitrogen added to carbon or hydrogen
    • Carbonyls: carbon and oxygen with double bond
    • Carboxylic acids: carbon, hydroxyl group, and oxygen, easy to remove proton from hydroxyl group

    pH and Buffers

    • Combining acid and base: neutralization
    • Acids donate H ions to bases
    • Buffer systems: kidneys and lungs
    • Drug ionization depends on pKa
    • Unionized drugs can cross lipid membranes, ionized drugs cannot

    Biological Macromolecules

    • Amino acids: amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond
    • Fatty acids (lipids): alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end
    • Carbohydrates: hydrated carbon, functions in energy, cell recognition, and structural support

    Proteins

    • Made up of amino acids
    • Enzymes: speed up or cause actions, catalyze reactions
    • Regulatory proteins: G-protein receptors, secondary messengers
    • Transport proteins: neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, efflux pumps
    • Antibodies: essential for immune function, attach to antigens for destruction
    • Signaling proteins: carry messages between cells, e.g., cytokines and hormones

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