4 - Organic Chemistry.docx

- Organic -- made predominantly of carbon atoms - Most drugs are organic - If organic also flammable - Bonds - Ionic = gain or lose i.e. transfer of electrons - Put in solution, dissociate increases osmolarity - Covalent = atoms share electrons - Double/Triple...

- Organic -- made predominantly of carbon atoms - Most drugs are organic - If organic also flammable - Bonds - Ionic = gain or lose i.e. transfer of electrons - Put in solution, dissociate increases osmolarity - Covalent = atoms share electrons - Double/Triple Bond - More bonds = stronger bond - Single bonds between atoms are always sigma bonds - Double bonds are comprised of one sigma and one pi bond - Triple bonds are comprised of one sigma and two pi bonds - Sigma bonds are stronger than pi bonds - 2 single bonds are stronger than a double bond because there are more sigma bonds - Functional groups - Alkanes = only carbon and hydrogen - Alkenes = only C+H with double bond - Alkyne = C+H with triple bond - Harder to metabolize - Aromatics = cyclic structure with pi (double) bonds - Found in nature and drugs we use - Alcohol = C+H+ hydroxyl (OH) group - Phenol = hydroxyl group +phenol ring - More water soluble than alcohols - Ether = molecule with one oxygen connecting 2 carbon atoms - Increase water solubility - Diethyl ether - Used as an inhalational anesthetic but was toxic and flammable - Adding halogen (F, Cl) decreased flammability and increased lipid solubility - Halogens are toxic - Amine = N added to C or H - Carbonyls = C+O with double bond - Carboxylic acids = C+ hydroxyl group - Easy to remove proton from hydroxyl group - pH - combining acid and base = neutralization - acids donate H ion to base - acid donates proton = conjugate base - base accepts proton = conjugate acid - most important buffers = kidneys and lungs - drug ionization depends on the pKA - unionized drugs can cross lipid membranes - ionized - wont cross brain, placental barrier, won't go inside cell - Breast milk and ion trapping - Certain medications when exposed to acidic environments become more ionized so they become stuck where they go - Fetus is more acidotic/mom is more alkalotic - If LA crosses to baby, it is more stuck to fetus - Breast milk pH is 6.6 -- higher concentration of drug in breast milk than mom has in her plasma - Biological macromolecules = amino acids, fatty acids (i.e. lipids), carbohydrates - Amino acids = amine group and carboxylic acid group joined by peptide bond - Make proteins - Enzymes are proteins -- speed up or cause actions - Catalyze reaction - Acetylcholinesterase is what we use to increase Ach in the NMJ - Functions = provide structure, perform chemical reactions, transport molecules, send/receive signals - Regulatory proteins e.g. G-protein receptors, secondary messengers - Transport proteins e.g. neurotransmitter reuptake pumps, efflux pumps - Enzymes catalyze reactions - Antibodies - Essential for immune function - Attaches to antigens and mark antigens for destruction - Signaling proteins carry messages between cells e.g. cytokines and hormones - Fatty acids = alkyl chain with a carboxylic acid at end - Nonpolar hydrophobic due to alkyl chain - Phospholipid - Has dual polarity - Based around molecule of glycerol - Make up tissue and cell membranes - Cholesterol - Mother of all hormones -- used to create other important hormones ( e.g. cortisone, aldosterone, corticosterone) - required to produce bile (to emulsify fats) and synthesis of some hormones - need bile to absorb fats... impaired bile production can cause impaired absorption of vitamin K bleeding disorders - carbohydrate = C with 2 hydrogen and 1 Oxygen i.e. hydrated carbon - functions = energy, cell recognition, structural support - hard to synthesize carbs - not many drugs made from carbs because of high cost of synthesizing carbs - heparin is a polysaccharide that needs its carb markers to bind to AT3