10 Questions
What is formed when the hot water and eugenol mixture is mixed together?
An emulsion
At what temperature does the distillation of the emulsion occur?
Much lower than the boiling point of eugenol, around 150° lower
What is the purpose of a Liebeg condenser in the distillation process?
To condense the mixture and collect it
How is the eugenol separated from the water after distillation?
By solvent extraction
What is the role of the organic solvent in the solvent extraction process?
To dissolve the non-polar oil
Why does the cyclohexane form a distinct layer on top of the water?
Because it does not mix with water
What is the purpose of the separating funnel in the solvent extraction process?
To separate the organic layer from the aqueous layer
What happens to the cyclohexane after the organic layer is collected?
It is allowed to evaporate off
What is the final result of the solvent extraction process?
Pure clove oil
Why is cyclohexane a suitable solvent for solvent extraction?
Because it has a low boiling point and does not mix with water
Study Notes
Here are the study notes in detailed bullet points:
Hydrocarbons
- Hydrocarbons consist of hydrogen and carbon bonded together covalently.
- They are commonly used as fuels.
- Examples: crude oil, methane, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes.
Classification of Hydrocarbons
- Aliphatic hydrocarbons:
- Chains of carbon (e.g. alkanes, alkenes, alkynes)
- Certain rings of carbon (e.g. cyclohexane)
- Aromatic hydrocarbons:
- Contain a benzene ring in their structure (e.g. cyclohexane)
Saturated and Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
- Saturated hydrocarbons:
- Contain only single carbon to carbon covalent bonds (e.g. alkanes)
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons:
- Contain at least one carbon to carbon double or triple bond (e.g. alkenes, alkynes)
Homologous Series
- A family of organic compounds with the same general formula, similar chemical properties, and successive members differing by CH₂.
Alkanes
- End in -ane
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
- Bond type: C - C
- Solubility: Non-polar, soluble in cyclohexane, insoluble in water
- Examples:
- Methane (CH₄)
- Ethane (C₂H₆)
- Propane (C₃H₈)
Alkenes
- End in -ene
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ
- Bond type: C = C
- Solubility: Non-polar, soluble in cyclohexane, insoluble in water
- Examples:
- Ethene (C₂H₄)
- Propene (C₃H₆)
Alkynes
- End in -yne
- General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
- Bond type: C ≡ C
- Solubility: Non-polar, soluble in cyclohexane, insoluble in water
- Examples:
- Ethyne (C₂H₂)
Aromatic Hydrocarbons
- Contain a benzene ring in their structure
- Examples:
- Benzene (C₆H₆)
- Methylbenzene (C₇H₈)
- Ethylbenzene (C₈H₁₀)
Chloroalkanes
- Alkanes where at least one hydrogen atom has been replaced by a chlorine atom
- Examples:
- Chloroform (CHCl₃)
- 2-chlorobutane (CH₃CH₂CHClCH₃)
Alcohols
- Contain a hydroxyl (OH) group
- Examples:
- Methanol (CH₃OH)
- Ethanol (C₂H₅OH)
- Propanol (C₃H₇OH)
Solubility of Alcohols
- Short chained alcohols are soluble in water and insoluble in cyclohexane
- Longer chained alcohols are less soluble in water and more soluble in cyclohexane
Uses of Ethanol
- Used as a polar solvent in paints, aftershaves, and perfumes
- Used as a fuel
- Used in medical applications (e.g. disinfectant)
Production of Ethanol
- Can be produced by:
- Hydration of ethene
- Fermentation of sugars in fruits and vegetables
Aldehydes and Ketones
- Contain a carbonyl group (C=O)
- Aldehydes:
- Contain a hydrogend bonded to the carbonyl group (CHO)
- Examples: methanal (HCHO), ethanal (CH₃CHO)
- Ketones:
- Contain a carbon bonded to the carbonyl group (RCO)
- Examples: propanone (CH₃COCH₃), butanone (CH₃CH₂COCH₃)
Carboxylic Acids
- Contain a carboxyl group (-COOH)
- Examples:
- Methanoic acid (HCOOH)
- Ethanoic acid (CH₃COOH)
- Propanoic acid (CH₃CH₂COOH)
Esters
- Contain the functional group RCOOR'
- Examples:
- Methyl ethanoate (CH₃COOCH₃)
- Ethyl propanoate (CH₃CH₂COOCH₂CH₃)
Aromatic Compounds
- Contain a benzene ring in their structure
- Examples:
- Benzene (C₆H₆)
- Toluene (C₆H₅CH₃)
- Xylene (C₆H₄(CH₃)₂)
Uses of Aromatic Compounds
- Used in pharmaceuticals, insecticides, and as indicators
- Can be carcinogenic in some cases
Organic Natural Compounds
- Examples: caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, aspirin
- Can be extracted from plants using steam distillation and solvent extraction
Learn about the properties and uses of benzene, a carcinogenic compound, and its derivatives, including methylbenzene and ethylbenzene, in organic chemistry.
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