Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

Organic Chemistry

• Study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties
• Typically involves the study of carbon-based molecules, including:
  • Hydrocarbons (e.g. methane, ethane)
  • Functional groups (e.g. alcohols, carboxylic acids)
  • Biomolecules (e.g. carbohydrates, proteins)
• Key concepts:
  • Isomerism (structural and stereoisomerism)
  • Functional group reactions
  • Synthetic methods (e.g. substitution, elimination)

Biochemistry

• Study of the chemical processes and substances that occur within living organisms
• Involves the study of biomolecules, including:
  • Carbohydrates (e.g. sugars, starches)
  • Proteins (e.g. enzymes, hormones)
  • Lipids (e.g. fats, oils)
  • Nucleic acids (e.g. DNA, RNA)
• Key concepts:
  • Metabolic pathways (e.g. glycolysis, citric acid cycle)
  • Enzyme kinetics and regulation
  • Biochemical reactions and equilibria

States of Matter

• Solid:
  • Particles are closely packed and have a fixed position
  • Has a fixed shape and volume
• Liquid:
  • Particles are close together but can move past each other
  • Takes the shape of its container
• Gas:
  • Particles are widely spaced and can move freely
  • Has neither a fixed shape nor volume
• Plasma:
  • Ionized gas, where atoms are broken down into ions and free electrons
  • Found at high temperatures and in stars

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

• Atom:
  • Smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
  • Consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons
• Element:
  • Substance that consists of only one type of atom
  • Cannot be broken down into simpler substances
• Compound:
  • Substance that consists of two or more different elements
  • Has properties different from its constituent elements
• Key concepts:
  • Atomic number (number of protons in an atom)
  • Mass number (number of protons and neutrons in an atom)
  • Isotopes (atoms of the same element with different mass numbers)

Stoichiometry

• Study of the quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions
• Key concepts:
  • Mole (unit of amount of substance, 6.022 x 10^23 particles)
  • Molar mass (mass of one mole of a substance)
  • Empirical and molecular formulas
  • Stoichiometric ratios and calculations
  • Limiting reagents and percentage yield

Organic Chemistry

• Carbon-containing compounds are studied in organic chemistry, including hydrocarbons, functional groups, and biomolecules.
• Hydrocarbons like methane and ethane are examples of organic compounds.
• Functional groups like alcohols and carboxylic acids are important in organic chemistry.
• Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are also studied in organic chemistry.
• Isomerism, including structural and stereoisomerism, is a key concept in organic chemistry.
• Functional group reactions and synthetic methods like substitution and elimination are important in organic chemistry.

Biochemistry

• Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes and substances in living organisms.
• Biomolecules like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids are studied in biochemistry.
• Carbohydrates like sugars and starches are important biomolecules.
• Proteins like enzymes and hormones are crucial in biochemistry.
• Lipids like fats and oils are also studied in biochemistry.
• Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are important biomolecules.
• Metabolic pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are key concepts in biochemistry.
• Enzyme kinetics and regulation are important in biochemistry.
• Biochemical reactions and equilibria are also studied in biochemistry.

States of Matter

• Solids have closely packed particles with a fixed position, shape, and volume.
• Liquids have particles close together but able to move past each other, taking the shape of their container.
• Gases have widely spaced particles that can move freely, with neither a fixed shape nor volume.
• Plasmas are ionized gases, where atoms are broken down into ions and free electrons, found at high temperatures and in stars.

Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

• Atoms are the smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element.
• Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Elements are substances that consist of only one type of atom.
• Elements cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
• Compounds are substances that consist of two or more different elements.
• Compounds have properties different from their constituent elements.
• Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom.
• Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
• Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different mass numbers.

Stoichiometry

• Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions.
• One mole is a unit of amount of substance, equivalent to 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
• Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
• Empirical and molecular formulas are used to describe the composition of substances.
• Stoichiometric ratios and calculations are important in stoichiometry.
• Limiting reagents and percentage yield are key concepts in stoichiometry.