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Questions and Answers
What is the total duration of the exam?
What is the total duration of the exam?
How many multiple choice questions are included in the exam?
How many multiple choice questions are included in the exam?
What percentage of the total mark does this exam contribute to the unit?
What percentage of the total mark does this exam contribute to the unit?
What materials are students prohibited from bringing into the exam?
What materials are students prohibited from bringing into the exam?
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How should students indicate their answers on the multiple-choice sheet?
How should students indicate their answers on the multiple-choice sheet?
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How many short answer questions are part of the exam?
How many short answer questions are part of the exam?
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What is the total mark that the exam is converted to?
What is the total mark that the exam is converted to?
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What should students do before they start reading or writing in the exam?
What should students do before they start reading or writing in the exam?
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Which statement correctly describes alpha and beta amino acids?
Which statement correctly describes alpha and beta amino acids?
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What product is formed from an alcohol through a dehydration reaction?
What product is formed from an alcohol through a dehydration reaction?
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Which statement about stereocentres is true?
Which statement about stereocentres is true?
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Which functional group is present in fats?
Which functional group is present in fats?
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What is true about the bond between carbon 2 and carbon 3 in the given molecule?
What is true about the bond between carbon 2 and carbon 3 in the given molecule?
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Which metals are considered toxic based on the following options?
Which metals are considered toxic based on the following options?
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Which statement about nucleic acids is correct?
Which statement about nucleic acids is correct?
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What is the primary role of iron in the human body?
What is the primary role of iron in the human body?
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Which of the following is a possible effect of magnesium deficiency?
Which of the following is a possible effect of magnesium deficiency?
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What condition may result from excess potassium?
What condition may result from excess potassium?
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Which of the following symptoms is linked to iron excess?
Which of the following symptoms is linked to iron excess?
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What is one primary function of potassium in the human body?
What is one primary function of potassium in the human body?
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What effect can excess magnesium have on the body?
What effect can excess magnesium have on the body?
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Which symptom might indicate potassium deficiency?
Which symptom might indicate potassium deficiency?
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Which of the following is an effect of iron deficiency?
Which of the following is an effect of iron deficiency?
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Which statement about the bond between Glucose 1 and Glucose 2 is true?
Which statement about the bond between Glucose 1 and Glucose 2 is true?
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What is another acceptable name for 1-propyl-3-methylbenzene?
What is another acceptable name for 1-propyl-3-methylbenzene?
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Which statement regarding polymers is true?
Which statement regarding polymers is true?
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Which of the following is not a function of phosphorus in the human body?
Which of the following is not a function of phosphorus in the human body?
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In which of the following substances does hydrogen bonding occur?
In which of the following substances does hydrogen bonding occur?
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Which compound would be most soluble in water?
Which compound would be most soluble in water?
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Which of the following statements regarding D-carbohydrates is true?
Which of the following statements regarding D-carbohydrates is true?
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What type of bond is not present between Glucose 2 and Glucose 3?
What type of bond is not present between Glucose 2 and Glucose 3?
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What type of bond forms between cysteine side chains in the tertiary structure of a protein?
What type of bond forms between cysteine side chains in the tertiary structure of a protein?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a DNA nucleotide?
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Which of the following bases is classified as a purine?
Which of the following bases is classified as a purine?
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What distinguishes RNA from DNA?
What distinguishes RNA from DNA?
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Which statement about hydrophobic interactions in proteins is true?
Which statement about hydrophobic interactions in proteins is true?
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What are the major bases of nucleic acids classified as pyrimidines?
What are the major bases of nucleic acids classified as pyrimidines?
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What type of bond forms between positively and negatively charged side chains in proteins?
What type of bond forms between positively and negatively charged side chains in proteins?
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Which of the following correctly matches the base sequence with its complementary DNA bases?
Which of the following correctly matches the base sequence with its complementary DNA bases?
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Study Notes
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Benzene, phenol, and benzaldehyde are all organic compounds with different functional groups.
- The molecule glucose exists in various forms, such as glucose 1, glucose 2, and glucose 3.
- Glucose 1 is bonded to glucose 2 by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond between an anomeric carbon and a non-anomeric carbon.
- Glucose 2 is bonded to glucose 3 by an α-1,4-glycosidic bond, involving anomeric carbons.
- Glucose 3 has an α-anomeric carbon.
- 1-propyl-3-methylbenzene is also known as m-propylmethyltoluene.
- Condensation reactions produce polymers by removing water molecules.
- Poly(vinyl chloride) is created through addition polymerization.
- Addition polymers are formed from difunctional molecules.
- Polyesters are not proteins.
- Phosphorus plays various roles in the human body:
- Forms adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
- Aids in teeth and bone formation
- Acts as an acid-base buffer in blood.
- Hydrogen bonding occurs in hexanoic acid and 1-propanol due to the presence of polar functional groups with hydrogen attached to oxygen.
- The compound with the most polar functional groups, such as a hydroxyl group (-OH), would be the most soluble in water.
- D-carbohydrates do not necessarily rotate plane-polarised light to the right.
- Alpha amino acids are acidic, not basic, while beta amino acids are neutral.
- Not all molecules containing nitrogen are basic.
- Hydrolysis of a triglyceride does not produce soap; it produces glycerol and fatty acids.
- Dehydration of an alcohol results in the formation of an alkene.
- A molecule has a stereocentre if a carbon atom has four different groups attached.
- Mirror images of molecules with stereocentres are not identical in shape.
- A molecule has a stereocentre if it lacks a plane of symmetry.
- Fats contain ester functional groups.
- The bond between carbon 2 and carbon 3 in the given molecule involves sp3-sp3 orbital overlap.
- The bond between carbon 4 and carbon 5 in the given molecule involves sp2-sp2 orbital overlap.
- The bond between carbon 1 and carbon 2 has a single sigma bond, not three pi bonds.
- The bond between carbon 5 and carbon 6 is also sp2-sp2 orbital overlap.
- Toxic metals include lead, mercury, and cadmium.
- RNA contains cytosine and uracil, not thymine.
- DNA adopts a double helix structure, not a primary structure.
- In a nucleotide, a phosphate ester group links the monosaccharide to the base.
Aspartic Acid
- Aspartic acid is an amino acid.
- The structural formula of aspartic acid varies depending on the pH.
- At pH 7, aspartic acid exists in its zwitterionic form with a positive charge on the amino group and a negative charge on the carboxyl group.
- At pH 1, both the carboxyl groups are protonated, resulting in a net positive charge.
- At pH 11, the amino group is deprotonated, leading to a negative charge on the molecule.
- The peptide glu-thr-cys has the following structure at pH 7:
- Glutamate (Glu) is present as the negatively charged form.
- Threonine (Thr) and cysteine (Cys) are present as zwitterions.
- The amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.
Tertiary Structure of a Protein
- Disulfide bonds form between cysteine residues through oxidation, creating –S-S- linkages.
- Salt bridges result from electrostatic interactions between positively and negatively charged side chains on amino acids.
- Hydrogen bonding occurs between hydrogen bond donors (O-H or N-H) and acceptors (O or N) on amino acid side chains.
- Hydrophobic interactions occur when non-polar side chains cluster together to minimize their contact with water.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA nucleotides consist of three parts:
- A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine)
- A five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
- A phosphate group
- Major bases of nucleic acids:
- Purine bases: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
- Pyrimidine bases: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) (in DNA), and Uracil (U) (in RNA)
- Differences between DNA and RNA:
- DNA has deoxyribose sugar, while RNA has ribose sugar.
- DNA contains thymine, while RNA contains uracil.
- DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.
Human Body Elements and Their Importance
| Element | Importance/use in the human body | Possible effects of excess | Possible effects of deficiency |
|---|---|---|---|
| Iron | Active site in hemoglobin, oxygen transport | Dehydration, low blood sugar, bluish skin colour, vomiting blood | Anemia, weakness, fatigue, brittle fingernails |
| Magnesium | Activation of enzymes, protein synthesis, nerve function, muscle contraction, bone formation | Nausea, bone pain, shallow rapid breathing | Inhibited growth, muscle spasms, nervousness, confusion |
| Potassium | Acid-base buffer, water balance, nerve function, muscle contraction | Hyperkalemia, kidney damage, irregular heartbeat, paralysis | Muscle weakness, buildup of lactic acid |
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts in organic chemistry and biochemistry, including various organic compounds, glycosidic bonds in glucose, and the formation of polymers. Enhance your understanding of functional groups, polymerization processes, and the biochemical roles of phosphorus in the human body.
