Podcast
Questions and Answers
What congenital anomaly is indicated in the content that affects individuals'
What congenital anomaly is indicated in the content that affects individuals'
What forms the anterior boundary of the oral cavity proper?
What forms the anterior boundary of the oral cavity proper?
Which structure is NOT considered a content of the oral cavity?
Which structure is NOT considered a content of the oral cavity?
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
What is the posterior boundary of the oral cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which salivary gland's duct opens at the level of the second upper molar teeth?
Which salivary gland's duct opens at the level of the second upper molar teeth?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of the levator veli palatini muscle?
What is the role of the levator veli palatini muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is attached to the posterior border of the hard palate?
Which structure is attached to the posterior border of the hard palate?
Signup and view all the answers
During which process does the soft palate close off the oropharyngeal isthmus?
During which process does the soft palate close off the oropharyngeal isthmus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main function of the palatine aponeurosis in the soft palate?
What is the main function of the palatine aponeurosis in the soft palate?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle is responsible for retracting the uvula?
Which muscle is responsible for retracting the uvula?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of papillae is the smallest and does not contain taste buds?
Which type of papillae is the smallest and does not contain taste buds?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the fungiform papillae?
What is the primary function of the fungiform papillae?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of the circumvallate papillae?
What is the main characteristic of the circumvallate papillae?
Signup and view all the answers
Which structure is located underneath the plica fimbriata?
Which structure is located underneath the plica fimbriata?
Signup and view all the answers
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for retracting the tongue?
Which extrinsic muscle of the tongue is responsible for retracting the tongue?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following statements about foliate papillae is true?
Which of the following statements about foliate papillae is true?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a significant advantage of sublingual medications?
What is a significant advantage of sublingual medications?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of the soft palate during swallowing?
What is the primary function of the soft palate during swallowing?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to the tensor palati muscle?
Which nerve is responsible for the motor supply to the tensor palati muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of cleft palate abnormalities?
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of cleft palate abnormalities?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure contains taste buds and is a highly mobile muscular organ?
What structure contains taste buds and is a highly mobile muscular organ?
Signup and view all the answers
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior part of the hard palate?
Which nerve provides sensory supply to the anterior part of the hard palate?
Signup and view all the answers
What impact does cleft palate have on breastfeeding?
What impact does cleft palate have on breastfeeding?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the tongue lies partly in the oral cavity and partly in the oropharynx?
Which part of the tongue lies partly in the oral cavity and partly in the oropharynx?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle is responsible for swallowing and is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus?
Which muscle is responsible for swallowing and is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Oral Cavity, Palate, and Tongue (Anatomy & Histology)
- The oral cavity is bordered by the hard and soft palate, lips, cheeks, and tongue.
- The floor of the oral cavity is formed by the tongue and muscles.
- The oral cavity communicates with the oropharynx.
- The vestibule is the space between the teeth and gums, lips, and cheeks.
- The parotid duct opens at the level of the second upper molar teeth.
- The oral cavity proper is the area inside the teeth and gums.
- Teeth and gums form the anterior and lateral boundaries, while lips and cheeks form the external boundaries.
- The submandibular and sublingual glands open into the oral cavity.
- The tongue is a voluntary muscular organ covered by a mucous membrane, located partially in the oral cavity proper and partly in the oropharynx.
- It consists of three parts (tip, body, root).
- The tongue has two surfaces (dorsum and inferior).
Oral Cavity (Mouth) Subdivisions
- The mouth is divided into two parts:
- I. Vestibule
- Space between the teeth, gums, lips, and cheeks;
- Receives the opening of the parotid duct.
- II. Oral Cavity Proper
- Bordered by the teeth and gums, as opposed to lips and cheeks.
- Contains mandibular and sublingual glands.
- Contains the tongue.
- I. Vestibule
Boundaries of the Mouth/Oral Cavity Proper
- Anteriorly and Laterally: Teeth & gums
- Superiorly (Roof): Hard & soft palates
- Inferiorly (Floor): Tongue and mucous membrane lining the mouth floor
- Posteriorly: Communicates with the pharynx via the oropharyngeal isthmus (isthmus of fauces)
Sensation of the Oral Cavity
- The maxillary nerve (V2) supplies the area above the upper teeth to the superior lip.
- The infraorbital nerve (part of V2) provides sensation to the upper lip and the area surrounding the upper teeth.
- The anterior superior alveolar nerve (ASAN), middle superior alveolar nerve (MSAN), and posterior superior alveolar nerve (PSAN) are branches of the maxillary nerve that provide sensation to the upper teeth, gingiva and surrounding tissues.
- The greater palatine nerve (from V2) carries sensation to the hard palate.
- The lesser palatine nerve (from V2) carries sensation to the soft palate.
- The buccal nerve (part of V3) supplies sensation to the cheek.
- The inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) supplies the lower teeth and gingiva.
- The mental nerve (branch of the IAN) supplies the lower lip.
- The lingual nerve (branch of the trigeminal nerve) supplies the anterior part of the tongue with sensation.
- The lingual nerve carries taste fibers from the facial nerve to the anterior tongue and pre-oral tongue.
- The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) carries sensory signals from the posterior tongue.
Hard Palate
- Forms the anterior two-thirds of the palate.
- Consists of the palatine processes of the maxilla and the horizontal plates of palatine bones.
- Bordered by alveolar arches.
- Its upper surface is lined with nasal mucosa.
- Lower surface contains palatine glands and taste buds.
- Blood supply from the maxillary artery via the greater palatine artery.
- Innervated by greater and lesser palatine nerves originating in the pterygopalatine ganglion.
- Contains seven foramina that provide passageways for nerves and vessels. These are:
- Incisive fossa/foramen: nasopalatine nerves, greater palatine vessels
- Two greater palatine foramina (medial to 3rd molar tooth): greater palatine nerves/vessels to hard palate.
- Four lesser palatine foramina: lesser palatine nerves/vessels to soft palate.
Soft Palate
- Posterior one-third of the palate, forming a muscular partition.
- Arch-like folds arising from it (palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal folds).
- Has a conical projection called the uvula.
- Continuous with the lateral wall of the oropharynx.
Muscles of the Soft Palate
- Tensor veli palatini: Tightens and elevates the soft palate.
- Levator veli palatini: Elevates the soft palate.
- Palatoglossus: Depresses soft palate, elevates the tongue, and approximates palatoglossal arches.
- Muscles uvulae: Retracts the uvula.
- Palatopharyngeus: Depresses soft palate and pulls the pharynx upward during swallowing.
Function of Soft Palate
- Closes the nasopharyngeal isthmus during swallowing and mastication.
- Alters the voice by directing airflow to the mouth or nose.
- Directs air to mouth during sneezing
- Contains taste buds
- Elevates the soft palate (levator and tensor palatine) in swallowing — opening the auditory tube in the nasopharynx and helping equalize pressure on the tympanic membrane.
Nerve Supply of Palate
- Secretomotor: Pterygopalatine ganglion (from facial nerve (VII)).
-
Sensory:
- Anterior part of the hard palate: Greater palatine nerve (from V2); posterior aspect till canine.
- Anterior aspect of hard palate: Nasopalatine nerve (from V2) — passes via incisive foramen.
- Anterior part of soft palate: Greater and lesser palatine nerves (from V2).
- Posterior soft palate, pillars, and fauces: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
- Motor: All soft palate muscles supplied by the pharyngeal plexus (from vagus (X) and cranial accessory (XI) nerves, EXCEPT the tensor veli palatini muscle (which is supplied by the mandibular nerve).
Cleft Palate Abnormalities
- Difficulty in mastication
- Difficulty in breastfeeding
- Nasal accent in voice due to abnormal air/sound waves passage
- Incorrect word pronunciations due to difficulties in tongue placement against the palate
- Increased risk of rhinitis (infection of the nose)
Tongue
- A highly mobile voluntary muscular organ.
- Formed of striated muscle fibers.
- Covered by mucous membrane.
- Lies partly in the oral cavity proper and partly in the oropharynx.
- Composed of three parts: apex, body (oral and pharyngeal parts), and base.
- Two surfaces: dorsum and inferior surfaces.
Functions of Tongue
- Swallowing, chewing, taste, and speech.
- Can be evaluated in cases of suspected vitamin deficiency or hemoglobin issues
Parts of Tongue – Dorsal Surface
- Base: Connected to epiglottis through median and lateral glossoepiglottic folds; fixed to the hyoid bone’s glenoid tubercle.
- Vallecula: Space between the tongue and epiglottis.
- Lingual tonsils: Lymphatic nodules situated on the tongue dorsum.
- Foramen caecum: Central foramen in the sulcus terminalis (embryological remnant of the thyroglossal duct).
Dorsum of Tongue
- Sulcus terminalis: Separates the anterior two-thirds and posterior one-third of the tongue.
- Anterior two-thirds (oral): Contains lingual papillae, some with taste buds.
- Posterior one-third (pharyngeal): Contains lymphatic follicles (lingual tonsils).
Inferior Surface of Tongue
- Frenulum: Fold of mucous membrane connecting the inferior surface of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
- Plica fimbriata: Deep lingual vein runs underneath.
- Sublingual papillae: Submandibular glands open.
- Sublingual fold: Ducts of sublingual glands open, useful for quick absorption of medications (e.g., nitroglycerin for heart pain).
Tongue Histology
- The tongue surface is lined by stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium.
- Papillae variations: Filiform, fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate.
- Taste buds are found associated with certain papillae.
- Serous and mucous glands are also present in the lamina propria.
Muscles of Tongue
- Extrinsic muscles: Change the position of the tongue (styloglossus, palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus).
- Intrinsic muscles: Change the shape of the tongue (superior and inferior longitudinal, transverse, vertical muscles).
Nerve Supply of Tongue
- Motor: Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) (except for palatoglossus, which is supplied by the pharyngeal plexus).
-
Sensory:
- Anterior 2/3: Lingual nerve (branch of mandibular nerve, V3, from trigeminal nerve (V)), taste from chorda tympani (branch of facial nerve (VII)).
- Posterior 1/3: Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX).
- Root/Valecula, Base: Vagus nerve (X).
Blood Supply of Tongue
- Lingual artery, branch from external carotid artery, including deep lingual artery, sublingual artery, and dorsal lingual arteries.
- Other arteries: ascending palatine, tonsillar branch of the facial artery, and ascending pharyngeal artery.
Lymph Drainage of Tongue
- Tip: Submental lymph nodes.
- Anterior 2/3: Submandibular lymph nodes.
- Posterior 1/3 and root: Deep cervical lymph nodes.
Clinical Applications
-
Cleft Palate: Difficulty in mastication, sucking, pronunciation; risk of rhinitis.
-
Tongue Tie (short frenulum)/ankyloglossia: Prevents proper movement of the tongue, affecting breastfeeding, speaking, and swallowing
-
Microglossia - small tongue; Macroglossia - large tongue.
-
Lingual thyroid - failure of the thyroid to descend normally during development.
-
Testing the hypoglossal nerve: Observing tongue deviation for assessing paralysis.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Test your knowledge on the structures and functions of the oral cavity. This quiz will cover key concepts including anatomical boundaries, salivary glands, and different types of papillae. Perfect for students in dental or medical fields!
