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Questions and Answers
Which compound accounts for the highest percentage of raw opium?
Which compound accounts for the highest percentage of raw opium?
- Morphine (correct)
- Thebaine
- Codeine
- Psychoactive alkaloids
Which of the following statements about naturally occurring opioids is true?
Which of the following statements about naturally occurring opioids is true?
- Opium is derived from a tropical plant species.
- Opioids are synthesized entirely in laboratories.
- Thebaine is one of the major compounds found in raw opium. (correct)
- Codeine is present in higher concentrations than morphine in raw opium.
What is the source of naturally occurring opioids?
What is the source of naturally occurring opioids?
- Cotton plant
- Opium poppy (correct)
- Cacti species
- Cocoa plant
How is the term 'narcotic' most accurately defined in relation to opioids?
How is the term 'narcotic' most accurately defined in relation to opioids?
Which of the following is NOT considered an opioid?
Which of the following is NOT considered an opioid?
What is the primary use of opioids in medical practice?
What is the primary use of opioids in medical practice?
Which of the following compounds is most abundant in raw opium?
Which of the following compounds is most abundant in raw opium?
What distinguishes naturally occurring opioids from synthetic compounds?
What distinguishes naturally occurring opioids from synthetic compounds?
Which of the following is NOT a major compound derived from the opium poppy?
Which of the following is NOT a major compound derived from the opium poppy?
What percentage range of raw opium does codeine typically account for?
What percentage range of raw opium does codeine typically account for?
What are opioids primarily used for?
What are opioids primarily used for?
Which of the following is a naturally occurring opioid derived from the opium poppy?
Which of the following is a naturally occurring opioid derived from the opium poppy?
Which statement differentiates naturally occurring opioids from synthetic ones?
Which statement differentiates naturally occurring opioids from synthetic ones?
What is the sap extracted from the opium poppy known as?
What is the sap extracted from the opium poppy known as?
Which opioid compound is most significant in terms of its percentage content in raw opium?
Which opioid compound is most significant in terms of its percentage content in raw opium?
Which statement accurately describes the pharmacological actions of opiates?
Which statement accurately describes the pharmacological actions of opiates?
What is the significance of the metabolization of heroin and codeine in the body?
What is the significance of the metabolization of heroin and codeine in the body?
How does parenteral administration of opiates affect their distribution in the body?
How does parenteral administration of opiates affect their distribution in the body?
What powers does Section 14 of the Act grant regarding the control of drugs?
What powers does Section 14 of the Act grant regarding the control of drugs?
What is a common misconception regarding the effects of opiate use in infants born to addicted mothers?
What is a common misconception regarding the effects of opiate use in infants born to addicted mothers?
What is a significant effect of naloxone when administered to an individual using opiates?
What is a significant effect of naloxone when administered to an individual using opiates?
Which historical figure recommended laudanum for a wide range of ailments around the second century AD?
Which historical figure recommended laudanum for a wide range of ailments around the second century AD?
What was the primary purpose of laudanum in the 18th century?
What was the primary purpose of laudanum in the 18th century?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates naloxone from naltrexone?
Which of the following statements correctly differentiates naloxone from naltrexone?
What was the primary composition of the medicinal drink laudanum introduced in 1520?
What was the primary composition of the medicinal drink laudanum introduced in 1520?
Why were mothers in the 18th century likely to administer laudanum to their children?
Why were mothers in the 18th century likely to administer laudanum to their children?
What primary medical function has been attributed to opiate antagonists?
What primary medical function has been attributed to opiate antagonists?
What societal view was held towards opium use up until the mid-1800s?
What societal view was held towards opium use up until the mid-1800s?
Which action was taken in San Francisco in 1875 regarding opium?
Which action was taken in San Francisco in 1875 regarding opium?
What was a common misconception about the use of opium in relation to moral impacts?
What was a common misconception about the use of opium in relation to moral impacts?
What reflects one of the motives behind governmental regulation of opium in the mid-1800s?
What reflects one of the motives behind governmental regulation of opium in the mid-1800s?
In the context of opium use, what does the phrase 'opium drinking' refer to?
In the context of opium use, what does the phrase 'opium drinking' refer to?
What was an opium den's characteristic feature in terms of clientele?
What was an opium den's characteristic feature in terms of clientele?
Which legislative action was implemented in Britain in 1868 regarding opiates?
Which legislative action was implemented in Britain in 1868 regarding opiates?
What is suggested about the perception of opium use from the quote regarding women and young girls in opium dens?
What is suggested about the perception of opium use from the quote regarding women and young girls in opium dens?
What emerging trend regarding opium use is noted in the late 1800s?
What emerging trend regarding opium use is noted in the late 1800s?
Which of the following best describes the state of opium as a controlled substance prior to the mid-1800s?
Which of the following best describes the state of opium as a controlled substance prior to the mid-1800s?
What does DeQuincy suggest is the primary revelation experienced through opium use?
What does DeQuincy suggest is the primary revelation experienced through opium use?
What was a significant cultural development regarding opium in the 18th century?
What was a significant cultural development regarding opium in the 18th century?
Which best describes the setting and experience in opium dens as described in the content?
Which best describes the setting and experience in opium dens as described in the content?
What was a common feature of the opium smoking apparatus used in dens?
What was a common feature of the opium smoking apparatus used in dens?
How did patrons usually position themselves when smoking opium?
How did patrons usually position themselves when smoking opium?
What is indicated about the accessibility of opium throughout history?
What is indicated about the accessibility of opium throughout history?
What sentiment does DeQuincy convey about the relationship between pain and opium use?
What sentiment does DeQuincy convey about the relationship between pain and opium use?
What aspect of happiness related to opium does DeQuincy highlight?
What aspect of happiness related to opium does DeQuincy highlight?
In which century did Galen make observations about opium cakes and candies being sold?
In which century did Galen make observations about opium cakes and candies being sold?
What was the primary focus of the Opium Act of 1908?
What was the primary focus of the Opium Act of 1908?
Which demographic was primarily targeted by the enforcement of the Opium Act of 1908?
Which demographic was primarily targeted by the enforcement of the Opium Act of 1908?
What significant role did Mackenzie King play in the development of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What significant role did Mackenzie King play in the development of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What was a key reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What was a key reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What maximum punishment was imposed for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?
What maximum punishment was imposed for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?
Which component of the Opium Act of 1908 was emphasized regarding medical usage?
Which component of the Opium Act of 1908 was emphasized regarding medical usage?
What was a common consequence of the introduction of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act in 1911?
What was a common consequence of the introduction of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act in 1911?
What type of actions did the Opium Act of 1908 specifically criminalize?
What type of actions did the Opium Act of 1908 specifically criminalize?
What new legislation followed the introduction of the Opium Act in 1908?
What new legislation followed the introduction of the Opium Act in 1908?
What was the societal concern that influenced the creation of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What was the societal concern that influenced the creation of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What is a significant reason users prefer fentanyl over heroin in street use?
What is a significant reason users prefer fentanyl over heroin in street use?
How is heroin chemically altered to increase its potency?
How is heroin chemically altered to increase its potency?
Which of the following synthetic compounds is used to treat chronic pain and is considered equally potent as morphine?
Which of the following synthetic compounds is used to treat chronic pain and is considered equally potent as morphine?
What distinguishes hydromorphone from other opiates?
What distinguishes hydromorphone from other opiates?
What is the primary characteristic of the opium collected from the poppy seedpods after the sap has oxidized?
What is the primary characteristic of the opium collected from the poppy seedpods after the sap has oxidized?
Which semi-synthetic opiate is derived from codeine?
Which semi-synthetic opiate is derived from codeine?
What percentage of raw opium does thebaine typically represent?
What percentage of raw opium does thebaine typically represent?
Which receptor types are best understood to have agonist action by opiates?
Which receptor types are best understood to have agonist action by opiates?
What is the significance of the half-life of methadone in relation to its clinical use?
What is the significance of the half-life of methadone in relation to its clinical use?
How does the administration route affect the distribution of opiates in the body?
How does the administration route affect the distribution of opiates in the body?
What mechanism allows opiates to decrease neuronal firing rates?
What mechanism allows opiates to decrease neuronal firing rates?
What problem might arise from infants born to addicted mothers regarding drug exposure?
What problem might arise from infants born to addicted mothers regarding drug exposure?
What is a primary difference between naloxone and naltrexone in terms of their effects?
What is a primary difference between naloxone and naltrexone in terms of their effects?
Which historical figure is noted for introducing laudanum and recommending it for various ailments?
Which historical figure is noted for introducing laudanum and recommending it for various ailments?
What role did laudanum play in the 18th century regarding its use among women?
What role did laudanum play in the 18th century regarding its use among women?
Which opiate antagonist is noted for reversing depressed breathing due to an overdose?
Which opiate antagonist is noted for reversing depressed breathing due to an overdose?
What was a significant reason for the use of laudanum in the 19th century?
What was a significant reason for the use of laudanum in the 19th century?
What was a key historical characteristic of laudanum formulations by the 1800s?
What was a key historical characteristic of laudanum formulations by the 1800s?
In what context did Thomas DeQuincy write about his experiences with opium?
In what context did Thomas DeQuincy write about his experiences with opium?
What unique experience does DeQuincy describe as a result of opium use?
What unique experience does DeQuincy describe as a result of opium use?
How did historical medicinal practices reflect on the societal view of opium usage?
How did historical medicinal practices reflect on the societal view of opium usage?
Which of the following accurately describes the physical setup of opium dens?
Which of the following accurately describes the physical setup of opium dens?
What was the general societal perspective on opium use prior to the mid-1800s?
What was the general societal perspective on opium use prior to the mid-1800s?
What trend regarding laudanum use emerged in the late 1800s?
What trend regarding laudanum use emerged in the late 1800s?
What motivated the emergence of opium dens in the 18th century?
What motivated the emergence of opium dens in the 18th century?
Which statement best represents a common misconception about opium's effects?
Which statement best represents a common misconception about opium's effects?
What was a notable characteristic of opium pipes used in dens?
What was a notable characteristic of opium pipes used in dens?
In which context did Galen comment on opium in the 2nd Century AD?
In which context did Galen comment on opium in the 2nd Century AD?
What aspect of happiness does DeQuincy particularly emphasize regarding opium?
What aspect of happiness does DeQuincy particularly emphasize regarding opium?
What societal class frequented opium dens in 18th-century China?
What societal class frequented opium dens in 18th-century China?
What did the Opium Act of 1908 primarily prohibit?
What did the Opium Act of 1908 primarily prohibit?
What was a significant enforcement target of the Opium Act of 1908?
What was a significant enforcement target of the Opium Act of 1908?
Which of the following was NOT a reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
Which of the following was NOT a reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What maximum penalty was stipulated for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?
What maximum penalty was stipulated for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?
What was a major change introduced with the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 compared to the Opium Act of 1908?
What was a major change introduced with the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 compared to the Opium Act of 1908?
Who was responsible for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 to the House?
Who was responsible for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 to the House?
How did the Opium Act of 1908 distinguish between users and dealers?
How did the Opium Act of 1908 distinguish between users and dealers?
What significant social issue did Mackenzie King mention as a reason to enforce the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What significant social issue did Mackenzie King mention as a reason to enforce the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
Which provision was included in the Opium Act of 1908 regarding opium importation?
Which provision was included in the Opium Act of 1908 regarding opium importation?
What was a primary purpose of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 as introduced by Mackenzie King?
What was a primary purpose of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 as introduced by Mackenzie King?
Flashcards
Opioids
Opioids
A group of natural, modified, or man-made substances that can relieve pain.
Opium
Opium
The sap extracted from the opium poppy.
Morphine
Morphine
A naturally occurring opioid, making up a significant percentage of raw opium.
Codeine
Codeine
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Thebaine
Thebaine
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What are opioids?
What are opioids?
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What is opium?
What is opium?
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What is morphine?
What is morphine?
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What is codeine?
What is codeine?
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What is thebaine?
What is thebaine?
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How can opioids be administered?
How can opioids be administered?
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What are the effects of opioid addiction on infants?
What are the effects of opioid addiction on infants?
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Recreational Opium Use
Recreational Opium Use
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Opium Dens
Opium Dens
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Opium Lamp
Opium Lamp
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Opium Pipe
Opium Pipe
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Opium Smoking
Opium Smoking
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Reclining Position for Opium Smoking
Reclining Position for Opium Smoking
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Opium Dens and Social Classes
Opium Dens and Social Classes
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Opium Dens in North America
Opium Dens in North America
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History of Recreational Opium Use
History of Recreational Opium Use
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What is naloxone?
What is naloxone?
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What is naltrexone?
What is naltrexone?
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What is laudanum?
What is laudanum?
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Who is Paracelsus?
Who is Paracelsus?
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Who is Galen?
Who is Galen?
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Why did women in the 18th century take laudanum?
Why did women in the 18th century take laudanum?
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Why did mothers give laudanum to their children?
Why did mothers give laudanum to their children?
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Opium Use in the 1800s
Opium Use in the 1800s
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Governmental Regulation of Opium
Governmental Regulation of Opium
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Motives for Opium Regulation
Motives for Opium Regulation
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Social Acceptance of Opium Use
Social Acceptance of Opium Use
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Opium as a Social Problem
Opium as a Social Problem
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San Francisco Opium Den Law
San Francisco Opium Den Law
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British Opium Regulation
British Opium Regulation
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Moral Concerns Regarding Opium Dens
Moral Concerns Regarding Opium Dens
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Concerns About Vulnerable Groups
Concerns About Vulnerable Groups
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Hypocrisy in Drug Regulation
Hypocrisy in Drug Regulation
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Canada's Opium Act of 1908
Canada's Opium Act of 1908
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Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911
Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911
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What was the legislative process for Canada's Opium Act of 1908?
What was the legislative process for Canada's Opium Act of 1908?
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What was the primary focus of Canada's Opium Act of 1908?
What was the primary focus of Canada's Opium Act of 1908?
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Who introduced the 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act and why?
Who introduced the 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act and why?
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What was the overall goal of Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
What was the overall goal of Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?
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Opiate Definition
Opiate Definition
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Naturally Occurring Opiates
Naturally Occurring Opiates
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Opiate Derivatives
Opiate Derivatives
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Synthetic Opiates
Synthetic Opiates
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Fentanyl Forms and Usage
Fentanyl Forms and Usage
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Fentanyl's Rise in Popularity
Fentanyl's Rise in Popularity
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Opiate vs. Narcotic
Opiate vs. Narcotic
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Opiate Antagonists
Opiate Antagonists
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Narcan
Narcan
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Naloxone
Naloxone
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Naltrexone
Naltrexone
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Laudanum
Laudanum
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Paracelsus
Paracelsus
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Galen
Galen
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Thomas De Quincey
Thomas De Quincey
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How are opiates administered?
How are opiates administered?
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What issues do babies face when born to addicted mothers?
What issues do babies face when born to addicted mothers?
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How do opiates work in the body?
How do opiates work in the body?
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Where do opiates concentrate in the body?
Where do opiates concentrate in the body?
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What parts of the brain are affected by opiates?
What parts of the brain are affected by opiates?
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Where was opium sold in the 2nd century AD?
Where was opium sold in the 2nd century AD?
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When and where did opium dens first emerge? What was their unique quality?
When and where did opium dens first emerge? What was their unique quality?
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What did opium dens have and what did people do in them?
What did opium dens have and what did people do in them?
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Who frequented opium dens and what were they like?
Who frequented opium dens and what were they like?
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What were opium dens like in North America?
What were opium dens like in North America?
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How long has opium been used recreationally?
How long has opium been used recreationally?
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What innovation tied to China made opium dens more prevalent?
What innovation tied to China made opium dens more prevalent?
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What specific tools were used for smoking opium?
What specific tools were used for smoking opium?
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What service did opium dens offer to their patrons?
What service did opium dens offer to their patrons?
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Who did the Canada's 1908 Opium Act target?
Who did the Canada's 1908 Opium Act target?
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How was the Canada's Opium Act of 1908 passed?
How was the Canada's Opium Act of 1908 passed?
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What was the main objective of Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act?
What was the main objective of Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act?
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Who introduced Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, and why?
Who introduced Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, and why?
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What are the Naturally Occurring Opiates Found in Opium?
What are the Naturally Occurring Opiates Found in Opium?
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What are some Opioid Derivatives?
What are some Opioid Derivatives?
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What are some Important Synthetic Opiates?
What are some Important Synthetic Opiates?
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How is Fentanyl Available and Used?
How is Fentanyl Available and Used?
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Study Notes
Learning Outcomes for Opiates
- Opiates are discussed in Chapter 11 of the text
- Includes historical use, names of common natural and synthetic opiates
- Details potency, metabolism, medical uses, administration methods, pharmacological actions, effects of tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological dependence. Methadone use for treatment is included.
Opioids Overview
- Opioids are a class of naturally occurring, derived, and synthetic compounds with analgesic properties.
- Often referred to as narcotic analgesics, though this term can be confusing as it includes other dissimilar drugs.
Naturally Occurring Opioids
- Sources are derived from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
- Opium is the sap extracted from the seedpods.
- Major compounds include:
- Morphine (10% of raw opium)
- Codeine (0.75-2.5% of raw opium).
- Thebaine (<1% of raw opium)
- Opium extraction:
- Incisions are made in the seedpod after the petals fall
- Milky white juice (raw opium) oozes out.
- The juice oxidizes to reddish-brown tar-like balls.
- The balls have a smell similar to new-mown hay.
- Opium production lasts for 10 days after the petals drop.
Opiate Derivatives/Semi-Synthetics
- Heroin: Derived from morphine, 3x more potent, and more lipid-soluble, increasing its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
- Other derivatives include:
- Hydromorphone (10x more potent than morphine)
- Oxycodone (commonly prescribed for pain)
- Oxymorphone (1.5x more potent than morphine)
- Hydrocodone (slightly more potent than morphine)
Synthetic Opioids
- Meperidine (Demerol): A less potent synthetic opioid, often used as a painkiller.
- Methadone: Used to treat chronic pain and opioid dependency, with similar analgesic effects to morphine but less euphoria. Methadone is used in opioid maintenance programs for individuals recovering from heroin addiction.
- Fentanyl: A potent synthetic opioid available in several forms (e.g., oral transmucosal lozenges, sublingual tablets, nasal sprays, transdermal patches). Fentanyl can also be smoked or injected. It is now frequently abused.
- Other synthetic opioids mentioned include LAAM (Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol).
Opiate Antagonists
- Naloxone (Brand Name: Narcan): Can reverse opioid effects, especially respiratory depression, within minutes. Administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM). Often used for overdoses.
- Naltrexone: Has mild agonist effects resembling morphine-like activity, but can last longer than Naloxone. Primarily used in opioid addiction treatment.
Medical Uses of Opioids
- Pain relief (morphine is a key agent)
- Diarrhea treatment (loperamide)
- Cough suppression (codeine)
Opioids: Historical Medical Uses
- Opium was documented in Egyptian medical scrolls (Ebers Papyrus) in 1550 BC.
- Used for various conditions, including excessive crying in children.
- Galen (Greek physician) prescribed opium for multiple conditions. Laudanum was a popular medicinal preparation combining opium, wine, and spices.
Opioids: Historical Recreational Uses
- Opium use dates back to the Bronze Age (evidence of ceramic opium pipes found in Cyprus).
- Widespread availability of opium cakes and candy was evident by the 2nd Century AD.
- Opium smoking became widespread in the 18th century (China) resulting in the rise of opium dens. Opium dens offered specialized pipes and equipment and catered to all social classes.
Opioids: Historical Regulation and Social Perception
- Opium was widely accepted for medical and recreational use in the early to mid-1800s, but addiction issues were not viewed as a predominant medical or social problem.
- Increased regulation began in the U.S. and Britain in the mid to late 1800s due to concerns about chronic use, anti-Chinese prejudice, and the negative consequences linked to opium dens. Regulation was driven by a combination of public health concerns, social perception shifts, and political considerations regarding social ills and perceived impacts on individuals, families and societies. Quotes describe social concerns regarding the negative impact of widespread addiction and the dangers associated with opioid use.
Opioids: History and Canada's Opium Act (1908 & 1911)
- The Opium Acts focused on prohibiting the importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for non-medical purposes. Medical use was restricted.
- Stricter controls (e.g., limiting sales to pharmacies) were a feature of the 1911 Act.
- The Acts restricted use to medical purposes, and manufacturing, selling, and possession of opium for smoking was prohibited.
- The 1911 Act also expanded the scope of regulation, adding substances like cocaine, morphine, and eucaine to the list of controlled substances. Legislative details are provided in the text, including the history of Bill C-205 and its progression to the 1908 Opium Act.
Methods of Administration
- Oral: Examples (pills, capsules, liquid forms). Slower onset due to first-pass metabolism.
- Parenteral: Examples (IM, SC, IV). Injected directly into the body, bypassing the GI tract. Includes skin popping and mainlining (intravenous injection).
- Inhalation: Smoking opium, or vaporized fentanyl. Rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
- Transdermal: Examples (Fentanyl patches for chronic pain) Absorbed through the skin.
Opioids: Metabolism
- Many opioids are inactive until metabolized into their active forms in the liver.
- Metabolization is generally rapid, except for some synthetic opioids.
- Specific enzymes and half-lives are referenced for various key opioids including Heroin, Codeine, Methadone, LAAM, and Fentanyl.
Opioids: CNS Effects
- Analgesic effects (act on Mu, Delta, and Kappa receptors in the spinal cord to block pain signals).
- Euphoria, dysphoria (unpleasant feelings).
- Decreased concentration (sedative effects).
- Emotional pain dulling (acting on receptors within the limbic system and frontal lobe). Specific receptor types involved are detailed, including significant differences in effectiveness and activity between opioids within the same system.
Opioids: Tolerance & Dependence
- Tolerance develops to certain effects with continued use (e.g., respiratory depression, analgesia).
- Tolerance to some effects, such as constipation or pupil constriction, does not develop. Conditions leading to different tolerances are described.
Dependence: Characteristics of Withdrawal
- Initial symptoms (restlessness, agitation, yawning, fever, chills).
- Peak symptoms (intensify and reached peak 36-72 hours after last use)
- Physical symptoms (cramps, limb twitching, profuse sweating, nausea, muscle pain, loss of body fluids, and possible hallucinations). Variations in severity are described. Life-threatening aspects of withdrawals are detailed. Severity and duration are affected by the type of opioid used and frequency of use.
- Psychological dependence is more challenging to treat than physical addiction; treatment options are mentioned. The text describes the challenges and difficulties associated with treating psychological addiction.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the crucial aspects of opiates as discussed in Chapter 11. This quiz delves into the history, types, potency, medical uses, and effects of opiates, including their administration methods and treatment for withdrawal. Gain a deeper understanding of both naturally occurring and synthetic opiates.