Opiates Overview - Chapter 11
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Questions and Answers

Which compound accounts for the highest percentage of raw opium?

  • Morphine (correct)
  • Thebaine
  • Codeine
  • Psychoactive alkaloids

Which of the following statements about naturally occurring opioids is true?

  • Opium is derived from a tropical plant species.
  • Opioids are synthesized entirely in laboratories.
  • Thebaine is one of the major compounds found in raw opium. (correct)
  • Codeine is present in higher concentrations than morphine in raw opium.

What is the source of naturally occurring opioids?

  • Cotton plant
  • Opium poppy (correct)
  • Cacti species
  • Cocoa plant

How is the term 'narcotic' most accurately defined in relation to opioids?

<p>A type of analgesic that includes both opioids and dissimilar drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an opioid?

<p>Ibuprofen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of opioids in medical practice?

<p>To provide pain relief through analgesic properties (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is most abundant in raw opium?

<p>Morphine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes naturally occurring opioids from synthetic compounds?

<p>Natural opioids are derived from living plants, while synthetics are chemically manufactured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major compound derived from the opium poppy?

<p>Fentanyl (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage range of raw opium does codeine typically account for?

<p>0.75% - 2.5% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are opioids primarily used for?

<p>To relieve pain due to their analgesic properties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a naturally occurring opioid derived from the opium poppy?

<p>Codeine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement differentiates naturally occurring opioids from synthetic ones?

<p>Naturally occurring opioids are derived from the opium poppy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sap extracted from the opium poppy known as?

<p>Opium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid compound is most significant in terms of its percentage content in raw opium?

<p>Morphine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the pharmacological actions of opiates?

<p>Opiates mimic endorphins and can inhibit the release of neurotransmitters through multiple mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the metabolization of heroin and codeine in the body?

<p>Both heroin and codeine are inactive until they are metabolized into morphine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parenteral administration of opiates affect their distribution in the body?

<p>Parenteral administration allows for rapid absorption into the bloodstream, leading to high concentrations in the brain area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What powers does Section 14 of the Act grant regarding the control of drugs?

<p>The Governor in Council can add any drug to the Schedule if its use becomes widespread. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the effects of opiate use in infants born to addicted mothers?

<p>Infants may exhibit withdrawal symptoms due to the exposure to substances in utero. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant effect of naloxone when administered to an individual using opiates?

<p>It induces withdrawal symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure recommended laudanum for a wide range of ailments around the second century AD?

<p>Galen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of laudanum in the 18th century?

<p>To relieve menstrual pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates naloxone from naltrexone?

<p>Naltrexone exhibits mild agonistic effects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary composition of the medicinal drink laudanum introduced in 1520?

<p>A combination of opium, wine, and various spices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why were mothers in the 18th century likely to administer laudanum to their children?

<p>To alleviate anxiety and keep them quiet. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary medical function has been attributed to opiate antagonists?

<p>To manage overdoses effectively. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal view was held towards opium use up until the mid-1800s?

<p>It was accepted socially without regard for addiction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action was taken in San Francisco in 1875 regarding opium?

<p>Outlawing of opium dens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception about the use of opium in relation to moral impacts?

<p>Home drinking of opium had no moral ramifications. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reflects one of the motives behind governmental regulation of opium in the mid-1800s?

<p>To combat anti-Chinese prejudice and protect societal values. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of opium use, what does the phrase 'opium drinking' refer to?

<p>Consuming opium in a tinctured form. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was an opium den's characteristic feature in terms of clientele?

<p>Open to all social classes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which legislative action was implemented in Britain in 1868 regarding opiates?

<p>Designation of pharmacies as the sole legal source of opiates. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested about the perception of opium use from the quote regarding women and young girls in opium dens?

<p>Their involvement was perceived as morally corrupting. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emerging trend regarding opium use is noted in the late 1800s?

<p>Regulatory efforts prompted by addiction issues. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the state of opium as a controlled substance prior to the mid-1800s?

<p>Largely unregulated and widely available. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does DeQuincy suggest is the primary revelation experienced through opium use?

<p>A sudden access to divine enjoyment and happiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant cultural development regarding opium in the 18th century?

<p>The invention of opium dens in Europe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes the setting and experience in opium dens as described in the content?

<p>Social hubs with diverse clientele and varying luxury levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common feature of the opium smoking apparatus used in dens?

<p>A unique heating lamp necessary for vaporizing opium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did patrons usually position themselves when smoking opium?

<p>Reclining to comfortably manage their pipes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the accessibility of opium throughout history?

<p>It was widely available to various social classes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sentiment does DeQuincy convey about the relationship between pain and opium use?

<p>Pain relief is an insignificant aspect of opium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of happiness related to opium does DeQuincy highlight?

<p>It can be easily packaged and accessed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which century did Galen make observations about opium cakes and candies being sold?

<p>2nd Century AD (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>To prohibit the importation and sale of opium for non-medical purposes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic was primarily targeted by the enforcement of the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>Chinese opium dealers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant role did Mackenzie King play in the development of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

<p>He introduced the bill addressing opium and other drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

<p>To address concerns raised by the Shanghai Commission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maximum punishment was imposed for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>A maximum prison term of three years and/or a fine up to $1,000 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the Opium Act of 1908 was emphasized regarding medical usage?

<p>Opium could only be utilized for medicinal purposes with authorization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common consequence of the introduction of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act in 1911?

<p>Special powers granted to police for enforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of actions did the Opium Act of 1908 specifically criminalize?

<p>The importation and sale of opium without authorization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What new legislation followed the introduction of the Opium Act in 1908?

<p>Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, 1911 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the societal concern that influenced the creation of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

<p>Public panic caused by cocaine use in Montreal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant reason users prefer fentanyl over heroin in street use?

<p>Fentanyl provides a greater rush and is cheaper. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is heroin chemically altered to increase its potency?

<p>Adding acetyl groups to the morphine molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following synthetic compounds is used to treat chronic pain and is considered equally potent as morphine?

<p>Methadone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes hydromorphone from other opiates?

<p>It is more than 10 times more potent than morphine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of the opium collected from the poppy seedpods after the sap has oxidized?

<p>It forms small, heavy, gumlike balls resembling tar. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which semi-synthetic opiate is derived from codeine?

<p>Hydrocodone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of raw opium does thebaine typically represent?

<p>&lt; 1% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor types are best understood to have agonist action by opiates?

<p>Mu, kappa, and delta (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the half-life of methadone in relation to its clinical use?

<p>Allows for less frequent dosing due to 10-25 hours half-life (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the administration route affect the distribution of opiates in the body?

<p>Intravenous administration leads to immediate systemic distribution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows opiates to decrease neuronal firing rates?

<p>Inhibition of calcium influx and enhancement of potassium flow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem might arise from infants born to addicted mothers regarding drug exposure?

<p>Infants may show withdrawal symptoms after birth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary difference between naloxone and naltrexone in terms of their effects?

<p>Naltrexone possesses mild agonist properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is noted for introducing laudanum and recommending it for various ailments?

<p>Paracelsus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did laudanum play in the 18th century regarding its use among women?

<p>It served as a remedy for mood disorders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which opiate antagonist is noted for reversing depressed breathing due to an overdose?

<p>Naloxone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant reason for the use of laudanum in the 19th century?

<p>It was widely recognized for its pain-relieving properties. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key historical characteristic of laudanum formulations by the 1800s?

<p>They had varying compositions with alcohol levels up to 46%. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what context did Thomas DeQuincy write about his experiences with opium?

<p>Regarding an addiction he developed after dental use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique experience does DeQuincy describe as a result of opium use?

<p>An emergence of blissful inner knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did historical medicinal practices reflect on the societal view of opium usage?

<p>It was embraced as a primary remedy for numerous ailments without criticism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the physical setup of opium dens?

<p>They provided patrons with specialized equipment for consumption. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general societal perspective on opium use prior to the mid-1800s?

<p>It was considered a necessary evil for health. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What trend regarding laudanum use emerged in the late 1800s?

<p>Increased regulation and reduction in prescriptions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated the emergence of opium dens in the 18th century?

<p>The Chinese invention of opium smoking. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best represents a common misconception about opium's effects?

<p>Opium can lead to complete physical dependence without psychological effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a notable characteristic of opium pipes used in dens?

<p>They typically had specialized designs to enhance airflow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context did Galen comment on opium in the 2nd Century AD?

<p>He observed its commercial distribution in edible forms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of happiness does DeQuincy particularly emphasize regarding opium?

<p>The immediacy and affordability of achieving happiness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What societal class frequented opium dens in 18th-century China?

<p>All levels of society, reflecting financial diversity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Opium Act of 1908 primarily prohibit?

<p>The importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for non-medicinal purposes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant enforcement target of the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>Opium dealers, particularly of Chinese descent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT a reason cited by Mackenzie King for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

<p>Personal experience with narcotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maximum penalty was stipulated for violations of the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>Three years imprisonment and/or a fine not exceeding $1,000 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major change introduced with the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 compared to the Opium Act of 1908?

<p>It included provisions for the improper use of other drugs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for introducing the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 to the House?

<p>Mackenzie King (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Opium Act of 1908 distinguish between users and dealers?

<p>It focused enforcement primarily on dealers rather than users (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant social issue did Mackenzie King mention as a reason to enforce the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

<p>The panic caused by the rising use of cocaine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which provision was included in the Opium Act of 1908 regarding opium importation?

<p>Only authorized personnel could import opium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary purpose of the Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911 as introduced by Mackenzie King?

<p>To enhance law enforcement powers against drug violations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Opioids

A group of natural, modified, or man-made substances that can relieve pain.

Opium

The sap extracted from the opium poppy.

Morphine

A naturally occurring opioid, making up a significant percentage of raw opium.

Codeine

A naturally occurring opioid, found in smaller amounts than morphine.

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Thebaine

A naturally occurring opioid, used in the synthesis of other opioid drugs.

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What are opioids?

A class of compounds that can relieve pain, including naturally occurring, derived, and synthetic substances.

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What is opium?

The sap extracted from the seedpods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).

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What is morphine?

A naturally occurring opioid found in opium, making up about 10% of its composition.

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What is codeine?

A naturally occurring opioid found in opium, making up a smaller percentage compared to morphine.

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What is thebaine?

A naturally occurring opioid found in opium, used as a starting material to synthesize other opioid drugs.

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How can opioids be administered?

Opioids can be administered via various routes, including orally, intramuscularly, subcutaneously, and intravenously.

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What are the effects of opioid addiction on infants?

Babies born to addicted mothers can exhibit withdrawal symptoms due to the absence of the drug they were accustomed to in utero.

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Recreational Opium Use

The practice of using opium for pleasure or enjoyment, rather than for medical purposes.

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Opium Dens

A place where people go to smoke opium, typically equipped with specialized pipes and lamps.

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Opium Lamp

A device used for heating opium until it vaporizes, allowing the user to inhale the smoke.

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Opium Pipe

A long pipe used to inhale the vaporized opium smoke.

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Opium Smoking

The practice of inhaling the vaporized smoke of opium.

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Reclining Position for Opium Smoking

The positions people would assume while smoking opium to comfortably hold the long pipe over the heating lamp.

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Opium Dens and Social Classes

Opium dens catered to a wide range of clientele, from the wealthy to the working class, with varying levels of luxury and furnishings reflecting their financial means.

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Opium Dens in North America

Opium dens in North America, particularly on the West Coast, mimicked the luxurious style of Chinese opium dens.

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History of Recreational Opium Use

The use of opium for its pleasurable effects, dating back hundreds of years.

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What is naloxone?

A medication used to reverse opioid overdose, competing with opioids at the same receptors in the brain, increasing breathing rate and reversing the effects of the overdose.

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What is naltrexone?

A long-acting opioid antagonist that can be used to prevent opioid relapse or reduce cravings. It works by blocking the opioid receptors, making the individual unable to experience the pleasurable effects of opioids.

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What is laudanum?

A medicinal drink containing opium, wine, and spices, introduced in the 16th century and widely used for various ailments. It was a popular remedy, containing a high percentage of alcohol and opioids.

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Who is Paracelsus?

A prominent physician who introduced laudanum, a medicinal drink containing opium, wine, and spices, in the 16th century. He prescribed it for various conditions and promoted its widespread use.

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Who is Galen?

A renowned Greek physician who lived in the 2nd century AD. He recommended opium for many ailments, highlighting its widespread acceptance in ancient medicine.

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Why did women in the 18th century take laudanum?

A common use of laudanum in the 18th century, highlighting the varied applications of this drug. It was believed to relieve menstrual pain and improve mood.

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Why did mothers give laudanum to their children?

A widespread practice in the 18th century, where mothers would administer laudanum to their children to quiet them or treat colic. This illustrates the potential dangers of using opioids for children, even in those times.

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Opium Use in the 1800s

Opium use was widely accepted and not considered a problem despite widespread addiction in the early to mid-1800s.

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Governmental Regulation of Opium

In the mid to late 1800s, governmental efforts in the US and Britain aimed to regulate opium use and distribution.

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Motives for Opium Regulation

The reasons for regulating opium use in the 1800s were debated, with some attributing it to anti-Chinese prejudice and others to genuine concerns about negative consequences.

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Social Acceptance of Opium Use

The use of opium was socially acceptable in the 1800s, with practices such as "opium drinking" being prevalent.

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Opium as a Social Problem

Despite the widespread use of opium, it was not officially considered a medical or social problem until the mid to late 1800s.

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San Francisco Opium Den Law

A city law passed in San Francisco in 1875 outlawed opium dens, citing moral ruin as a reason.

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British Opium Regulation

A parliamentary bill in Britain in 1868 made pharmacists the only legal source of opiates, restricting access to the drug.

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Moral Concerns Regarding Opium Dens

The San Francisco law against opium dens highlighted concerns about moral corruption and the dangers associated with these establishments.

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Concerns About Vulnerable Groups

The 1875 San Francisco law emphasized the fear of women and young people being negatively influenced by opium dens.

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Hypocrisy in Drug Regulation

One historian highlighted the hypocrisy of condemning opium dens while ignoring alcohol consumption at home, suggesting a bias against Chinese opium use.

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Canada's Opium Act of 1908

The 1908 Opium Act in Canada aimed to restrict the importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for non-medicinal purposes. This law targeted opium dealers, particularly those of Chinese descent, and largely ignored opium users.

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Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911

The 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act in Canada prohibited the "improper use" of Opium and other drugs, indicating a shift towards regulating drug use more broadly. It was driven by concerns regarding cocaine use and the need for stronger police enforcement.

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What was the legislative process for Canada's Opium Act of 1908?

The 1908 Opium Act was passed by the House of Commons, specifically through Bill 205. It prohibited importing opium without government authorization and restricted its use to medicinal purposes only.

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What was the primary focus of Canada's Opium Act of 1908?

This act aimed at dealers who sold opium, particularly those of Chinese descent. It was introduced in response to concerns regarding opium use in Canada.

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Who introduced the 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act and why?

The 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act was introduced by Mackenzie King, then Minister of Labor, in response to concerns regarding cocaine use, the Shanghai Commission, and the need for greater police power. This law signaled a growing concern for drug use in Canada.

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What was the overall goal of Canada's Opium and Narcotic Drug Act of 1911?

This act aimed to control the use of opium and other drugs considered "improper." This signaled a shift from targeting the trade of opium to regulating its use more broadly.

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Opiate Definition

Naturally occurring, derived, and synthetic compounds with analgesic properties, often referred to as "narcotic analgesics". However, the term "narcotic" can be misleading when applied to opiates as it groups them with dissimilar drugs.

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Naturally Occurring Opiates

Morphine, codeine, and thebaine are found in opium, which is the sap from the seedpods of the opium poppy. Morphine makes up 10%, codeine 0.75 to 2.5%, and thebaine less than 1% of opium.

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Opiate Derivatives

Heroin is a derivative of morphine created by adding acetyl groups, making it 3 times more potent. Other examples include hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and hydrocodone, all with slightly altered chemical compositions for varying potency.

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Synthetic Opiates

Meperdine, methadone, fentanyl, LAMM, and buprenorphine are examples of synthetic opiates, with varying levels of potency and effects. Fentanyl is particularly potent, reaching 30 to 50 times the strength of heroin.

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Fentanyl Forms and Usage

Fentanyl is available in various forms, including lozenges, tablets, sprays, patches, and injectables, all offering different routes of administration. Its potency and availability have made it increasingly popular in illicit drug markets.

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Fentanyl's Rise in Popularity

Street use of fentanyl has surpassed heroin due to its stronger rush, lower cost, and wider availability. Users have reported experiencing a more intense high and finding fentanyl easier to obtain.

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Opiate vs. Narcotic

The terms "opiate" and "narcotic" are often used interchangeably, but "narcotic" encompasses a broader category of drugs, leading to potential confusion.

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Opiate Antagonists

A group of drugs that block the effects of opioids. They are used to treat opioid overdoses and addiction.

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Narcan

A brand name for naloxone, an opiate antagonist used to rapidly reverse opioid overdoses.

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Naloxone

An opiate antagonist that works by binding to opioid receptors, preventing opioids from attaching and causing their effects. It can be given intravenously or intramuscularly.

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Naltrexone

An opiate antagonist that has a longer duration of action compared to naloxone. It can help prevent opioid relapse and cravings.

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Laudanum

A historical medicinal drink containing opium, wine, and spices, introduced in the 16th century and widely used for various ailments.

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Paracelsus

A prominent physician in the 16th century who introduced Laudanum, a medicinal drink containing opium, wine, and spices.

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Galen

A Greek physician from the 2nd century AD, who recommended opium for a wide range of ailments. Opium was widely accepted in ancient medicine.

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Thomas De Quincey

A 19th-century writer known for his first-hand account of his experience with opium addiction in his book, Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.

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How are opiates administered?

Opiates can be given through different methods, including orally, injected into the muscle, injected under the skin, and injected into a vein.

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What issues do babies face when born to addicted mothers?

Babies of addicted mothers can have withdrawal symptoms due to the lack of the opiates they were exposed to in the womb.

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How do opiates work in the body?

Opiates act like natural pain-relieving chemicals in the body, binding to several types of receptors to decrease nerve activity and change how signals are transmitted.

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Where do opiates concentrate in the body?

The liver, lungs, and spleen store high levels of opiates, and the drug easily crosses the barrier between the mother and her baby during pregnancy.

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What parts of the brain are affected by opiates?

Opiates can affect various brain areas, including those related to pleasure (nucleus accumbens), movement (basal ganglia), and pain perception (periaqueductal gray).

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Where was opium sold in the 2nd century AD?

The 2nd century AD saw opium cakes and candy sold on the street, indicating its popularity.

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When and where did opium dens first emerge? What was their unique quality?

Opium dens were established in China, and later spread globally. China, specifically, became known for its particular method of smoking opium, influencing dens across the world.

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What did opium dens have and what did people do in them?

Opium dens were equipped with specialized pipes and lamps designed to smoke the drug. The patrons would recline to hold the long pipes over lamps that heated the opium, allowing them to inhale the vapors.

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Who frequented opium dens and what were they like?

Opium dens in China were frequented by people from all walks of life, from wealthy individuals to the working class, with the dens reflecting the patron's means in their furnishings and opulence.

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What were opium dens like in North America?

Opium dens in North America paralleled the lavish Chinese ones, particularly on the West Coast, providing a luxurious experience with female attendants.

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How long has opium been used recreationally?

Opium use for pleasure dates back hundreds of years, even predating the establishment of opium dens.

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What innovation tied to China made opium dens more prevalent?

The invention of opium smoking in China popularized opium dens and contributed to their widespread appeal globally.

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What specific tools were used for smoking opium?

Special lamps were designed to heat the opium and pipes were created to inhale the vapors. These tools were essential for the practice of smoking opium.

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What service did opium dens offer to their patrons?

Opium dens provided various services, including the supply of specialized pipes and lamps needed for smoking the drug.

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Who did the Canada's 1908 Opium Act target?

The Opium Act was intended to target dealers primarily, often Chinese individuals involved in the opium trade. It prohibited the importation and manufacture of opium for purposes other than medicinal use.

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How was the Canada's Opium Act of 1908 passed?

The Act was passed after being debated in the House of Commons. It included the requirement of government authorization for opium importation and restricted opium use to medicinal purposes only.

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What was the main objective of Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act?

The "improper use" of opium and other drugs was the primary focus of this law, reflecting a shift toward regulating drug use more broadly. Concerns about cocaine and the need for enhanced enforcement fueled its introduction.

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Who introduced Canada's 1911 Opium and Narcotic Drug Act, and why?

The Minister of Labor, Mackenzie King, introduced the Act. He cited concerns regarding cocaine use, the Shanghai Commission, and the need for stronger policing as reasons for its introduction.

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What are the Naturally Occurring Opiates Found in Opium?

Morphine, codeine, and thebaine are three naturally occurring opiates found in opium. While morphine comprises about 10%, codeine makes up a smaller portion (0.75 to 2.5%), and thebaine is present in even smaller quantities.

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What are some Opioid Derivatives?

Heroin, a derivative of morphine, is synthesized by adding acetyl groups. This process makes heroin three times more potent than morphine. Hydromorphone, oxycodone, oxymorphone, and hydrocodone are other examples of derivatives.

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What are some Important Synthetic Opiates?

Meperdine, methadone, fentanyl, LAMM, and buprenorphine are all synthetic opiates with various levels of potency and effects. Fentanyl, in particular, is significantly potent, being 30 to 50 times stronger than heroin.

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How is Fentanyl Available and Used?

Fentanyl is available in different forms, such as lozenges, tablets, sprays, patches, and injectables. Its potency and accessibility have led to an increase in its popularity within illicit drug markets.

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Study Notes

Learning Outcomes for Opiates

  • Opiates are discussed in Chapter 11 of the text
  • Includes historical use, names of common natural and synthetic opiates
  • Details potency, metabolism, medical uses, administration methods, pharmacological actions, effects of tolerance, withdrawal, and psychological dependence. Methadone use for treatment is included.

Opioids Overview

  • Opioids are a class of naturally occurring, derived, and synthetic compounds with analgesic properties.
  • Often referred to as narcotic analgesics, though this term can be confusing as it includes other dissimilar drugs.

Naturally Occurring Opioids

  • Sources are derived from the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum).
  • Opium is the sap extracted from the seedpods.
  • Major compounds include:
    • Morphine (10% of raw opium)
    • Codeine (0.75-2.5% of raw opium).
    • Thebaine (<1% of raw opium)
  • Opium extraction:
    • Incisions are made in the seedpod after the petals fall
    • Milky white juice (raw opium) oozes out.
    • The juice oxidizes to reddish-brown tar-like balls.
    • The balls have a smell similar to new-mown hay.
    • Opium production lasts for 10 days after the petals drop.

Opiate Derivatives/Semi-Synthetics

  • Heroin: Derived from morphine, 3x more potent, and more lipid-soluble, increasing its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier.
  • Other derivatives include:
    • Hydromorphone (10x more potent than morphine)
    • Oxycodone (commonly prescribed for pain)
    • Oxymorphone (1.5x more potent than morphine)
    • Hydrocodone (slightly more potent than morphine)

Synthetic Opioids

  • Meperidine (Demerol): A less potent synthetic opioid, often used as a painkiller.
  • Methadone: Used to treat chronic pain and opioid dependency, with similar analgesic effects to morphine but less euphoria. Methadone is used in opioid maintenance programs for individuals recovering from heroin addiction.
  • Fentanyl: A potent synthetic opioid available in several forms (e.g., oral transmucosal lozenges, sublingual tablets, nasal sprays, transdermal patches). Fentanyl can also be smoked or injected. It is now frequently abused.
  • Other synthetic opioids mentioned include LAAM (Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol).

Opiate Antagonists

  • Naloxone (Brand Name: Narcan): Can reverse opioid effects, especially respiratory depression, within minutes. Administered intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM). Often used for overdoses.
  • Naltrexone: Has mild agonist effects resembling morphine-like activity, but can last longer than Naloxone. Primarily used in opioid addiction treatment.

Medical Uses of Opioids

  • Pain relief (morphine is a key agent)
  • Diarrhea treatment (loperamide)
  • Cough suppression (codeine)

Opioids: Historical Medical Uses

  • Opium was documented in Egyptian medical scrolls (Ebers Papyrus) in 1550 BC.
  • Used for various conditions, including excessive crying in children.
  • Galen (Greek physician) prescribed opium for multiple conditions. Laudanum was a popular medicinal preparation combining opium, wine, and spices.

Opioids: Historical Recreational Uses

  • Opium use dates back to the Bronze Age (evidence of ceramic opium pipes found in Cyprus).
  • Widespread availability of opium cakes and candy was evident by the 2nd Century AD.
  • Opium smoking became widespread in the 18th century (China) resulting in the rise of opium dens. Opium dens offered specialized pipes and equipment and catered to all social classes.

Opioids: Historical Regulation and Social Perception

  • Opium was widely accepted for medical and recreational use in the early to mid-1800s, but addiction issues were not viewed as a predominant medical or social problem.
  • Increased regulation began in the U.S. and Britain in the mid to late 1800s due to concerns about chronic use, anti-Chinese prejudice, and the negative consequences linked to opium dens. Regulation was driven by a combination of public health concerns, social perception shifts, and political considerations regarding social ills and perceived impacts on individuals, families and societies. Quotes describe social concerns regarding the negative impact of widespread addiction and the dangers associated with opioid use.

Opioids: History and Canada's Opium Act (1908 & 1911)

  • The Opium Acts focused on prohibiting the importation, manufacture, and sale of opium for non-medical purposes. Medical use was restricted.
  • Stricter controls (e.g., limiting sales to pharmacies) were a feature of the 1911 Act.
  • The Acts restricted use to medical purposes, and manufacturing, selling, and possession of opium for smoking was prohibited.
  • The 1911 Act also expanded the scope of regulation, adding substances like cocaine, morphine, and eucaine to the list of controlled substances. Legislative details are provided in the text, including the history of Bill C-205 and its progression to the 1908 Opium Act.

Methods of Administration

  • Oral: Examples (pills, capsules, liquid forms). Slower onset due to first-pass metabolism.
  • Parenteral: Examples (IM, SC, IV). Injected directly into the body, bypassing the GI tract. Includes skin popping and mainlining (intravenous injection).
  • Inhalation: Smoking opium, or vaporized fentanyl. Rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
  • Transdermal: Examples (Fentanyl patches for chronic pain) Absorbed through the skin.

Opioids: Metabolism

  • Many opioids are inactive until metabolized into their active forms in the liver.
  • Metabolization is generally rapid, except for some synthetic opioids.
  • Specific enzymes and half-lives are referenced for various key opioids including Heroin, Codeine, Methadone, LAAM, and Fentanyl.

Opioids: CNS Effects

  • Analgesic effects (act on Mu, Delta, and Kappa receptors in the spinal cord to block pain signals).
  • Euphoria, dysphoria (unpleasant feelings).
  • Decreased concentration (sedative effects).
  • Emotional pain dulling (acting on receptors within the limbic system and frontal lobe). Specific receptor types involved are detailed, including significant differences in effectiveness and activity between opioids within the same system.

Opioids: Tolerance & Dependence

  • Tolerance develops to certain effects with continued use (e.g., respiratory depression, analgesia).
  • Tolerance to some effects, such as constipation or pupil constriction, does not develop. Conditions leading to different tolerances are described.

Dependence: Characteristics of Withdrawal

  • Initial symptoms (restlessness, agitation, yawning, fever, chills).
  • Peak symptoms (intensify and reached peak 36-72 hours after last use)
  • Physical symptoms (cramps, limb twitching, profuse sweating, nausea, muscle pain, loss of body fluids, and possible hallucinations). Variations in severity are described. Life-threatening aspects of withdrawals are detailed. Severity and duration are affected by the type of opioid used and frequency of use.
  • Psychological dependence is more challenging to treat than physical addiction; treatment options are mentioned. The text describes the challenges and difficulties associated with treating psychological addiction.

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Related Documents

Opioids Lecture Notes PDF
Opiates Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the crucial aspects of opiates as discussed in Chapter 11. This quiz delves into the history, types, potency, medical uses, and effects of opiates, including their administration methods and treatment for withdrawal. Gain a deeper understanding of both naturally occurring and synthetic opiates.

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