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Questions and Answers
What is considered the most accurate method for cancer diagnosis?
What is considered the most accurate method for cancer diagnosis?
The larger the biopsy sample, the lesser the accuracy of the diagnosis.
The larger the biopsy sample, the lesser the accuracy of the diagnosis.
False
What are the first three rules of oncology?
What are the first three rules of oncology?
biopsy, biopsy, biopsy
The biopsy technique that collects a small cylindrical core of tissue is known as a ______ biopsy.
The biopsy technique that collects a small cylindrical core of tissue is known as a ______ biopsy.
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Match the following biopsy techniques with their descriptions:
Match the following biopsy techniques with their descriptions:
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What are the three key components in determining the extent of disease in a tumor?
What are the three key components in determining the extent of disease in a tumor?
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Successful treatment of a tumor can be achieved without considering the local extent of the disease.
Successful treatment of a tumor can be achieved without considering the local extent of the disease.
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Name two imaging techniques used for accurate tumor staging.
Name two imaging techniques used for accurate tumor staging.
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Physical signs of local invasion include diffuse boundaries and ________ of the adjacent tissues.
Physical signs of local invasion include diffuse boundaries and ________ of the adjacent tissues.
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Match the imaging technique with its primary usage:
Match the imaging technique with its primary usage:
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Which of the following is the most common site for the development of secondary tumors in companion animals?
Which of the following is the most common site for the development of secondary tumors in companion animals?
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What should always be evaluated regarding lymph nodes during tumor assessment?
What should always be evaluated regarding lymph nodes during tumor assessment?
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A clear thoracic radiograph indicates that there are no micro-metastases present.
A clear thoracic radiograph indicates that there are no micro-metastases present.
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What is the recommended size for discrete pulmonary tumors to be detected on thoracic radiographs?
What is the recommended size for discrete pulmonary tumors to be detected on thoracic radiographs?
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Endoscopy is beneficial for assessing tumors in the nasal chambers.
Endoscopy is beneficial for assessing tumors in the nasal chambers.
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Why is it important to aspirate draining lymph nodes?
Why is it important to aspirate draining lymph nodes?
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Fine needle aspirates of organs like the ______ may be conducted to evaluate for metastases.
Fine needle aspirates of organs like the ______ may be conducted to evaluate for metastases.
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Match the screening procedures with their purposes:
Match the screening procedures with their purposes:
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Why is it challenging to define the true pathological stage of a disease?
Why is it challenging to define the true pathological stage of a disease?
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Reactive hyperplasia can be distinguished from early nodal metastasis through cytological evaluation.
Reactive hyperplasia can be distinguished from early nodal metastasis through cytological evaluation.
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What term refers to the systemic hematological and metabolic abnormalities that can be associated with certain tumors?
What term refers to the systemic hematological and metabolic abnormalities that can be associated with certain tumors?
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What is one potential cause of regenerative anaemia/thrombocytopenia?
What is one potential cause of regenerative anaemia/thrombocytopenia?
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A haematological examination is not necessary for cancer patients.
A haematological examination is not necessary for cancer patients.
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Name one clinical sign associated with Hyperadrenocorticism.
Name one clinical sign associated with Hyperadrenocorticism.
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Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with __________ due to hypercalcaemia.
Primary hyperparathyroidism is associated with __________ due to hypercalcaemia.
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Which tumour is associated with hyperthyroidism in cats?
Which tumour is associated with hyperthyroidism in cats?
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Match the following syndromes with their associated tumours:
Match the following syndromes with their associated tumours:
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What is the clinical sign of episodic weakness and collapse associated with?
What is the clinical sign of episodic weakness and collapse associated with?
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Functional tumours can lead to ectopic paraneoplastic syndromes.
Functional tumours can lead to ectopic paraneoplastic syndromes.
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What is the primary goal of maintenance therapy in cancer treatment?
What is the primary goal of maintenance therapy in cancer treatment?
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A clinical remission indicates that the tumor has been completely cured.
A clinical remission indicates that the tumor has been completely cured.
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What type of agents does the COP protocol use for lymphoma treatment?
What type of agents does the COP protocol use for lymphoma treatment?
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The aim of ______ therapy is to establish a further remission of the tumor.
The aim of ______ therapy is to establish a further remission of the tumor.
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Match the cancer treatment types with their definitions:
Match the cancer treatment types with their definitions:
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What usually happens to the tumor if treatment is not continued after clinical remission?
What usually happens to the tumor if treatment is not continued after clinical remission?
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Cytotoxic drugs are always administered continuously without breaks.
Cytotoxic drugs are always administered continuously without breaks.
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What is the typical cycle duration for most myelosuppressive cytotoxic agents?
What is the typical cycle duration for most myelosuppressive cytotoxic agents?
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Which side effect is a common consequence of chemotherapy related to the bone marrow?
Which side effect is a common consequence of chemotherapy related to the bone marrow?
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Vincristine is known to cause myelosuppression.
Vincristine is known to cause myelosuppression.
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What is the risk associated with neutropaenia during chemotherapy?
What is the risk associated with neutropaenia during chemotherapy?
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Cyclophosphamide can cause ___________ as a significant side effect.
Cyclophosphamide can cause ___________ as a significant side effect.
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Which chemotherapy drug is associated with the highest risk of nephrotoxicity?
Which chemotherapy drug is associated with the highest risk of nephrotoxicity?
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Match the chemotherapy drugs with their associated side effects:
Match the chemotherapy drugs with their associated side effects:
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Thrombocytopaenia is a severe condition that usually causes significant bleeding in cancer patients.
Thrombocytopaenia is a severe condition that usually causes significant bleeding in cancer patients.
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What is the most common source of infection in neutropaenic cancer patients?
What is the most common source of infection in neutropaenic cancer patients?
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Study Notes
Small Animal Oncology
- Diagnosis and management of cancer is a challenging aspect of modern veterinary medicine.
- Veterinary oncology has undergone significant advancements in treatment modalities.
- Public expectations of veterinary practitioners have risen, demanding a thorough understanding of tumour biology, clinical approaches, and treatment options.
- Multidisciplinary approaches are essential in oncology; collaboration with specialists is crucial.
- Timely referrals, to institutions with comprehensive expertise, are vital for optimal patient management.
- Many cancers can be managed effectively, though complete cure isn't always possible.
- Providing clear and concise information about diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis is essential for client decision-making.
- A balanced approach, between optimism and realism, is important, avoiding unnecessary overload of information.
Tumor Biology
- Cancer is a diverse group of conditions characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation.
- Disruption of normal genetic mechanisms controlling cell division and differentiation is central to cancer.
- Cancer often develops from a single precursor or stem cell undergoing neoplastic transformation.
- Cancer cell proliferation occurs independently of the need for new cells.
- Cellular differentiation in cancer cells is often impaired, leading to their relative immaturity.
Cancer Cell Populations
- Tumors are typically not detectable through palpation, radiography, or other imaging methods until they reach a size of about 1 cm in diameter.
- The tumor grows substantially prior to detection.
- Tumour heterogeneity exists both within and between tumors.
- This means that cells within or between tumours may have different genetic compositions, altering their responsiveness to cytotoxic drugs.
- This heterogeneity implies important implications for varied responses to therapeutic interventions.
Tumour Kinetics
- Tumour growth is often rapid in the early stages.
- The growth follows a logarithmic pattern, slowing down over time.
- Tumour doubling time, the time a tumour takes to double in size, is an important factor influencing treatment duration.
- The growth fraction, the fraction of actively dividing cells in a tumour, is central to the effect of cytotoxic drugs.
The Cell Cycle
- Cell division involves stages like mitosis, growth (G1), DNA synthesis (S) and further growth (G2) with preparation for the mitotic spindle.
- Cell cycle specific agents are active at particular cell cycle phases (e.g., mitotic phase M).
- Cells in the Go phase are relatively resistant to treatment.
- A significant proportion of cells in a tumour may reside in a dormant (Go) phase.
- Cells cycle non-specific agents affect cells at various cell cycle stages. Their therapeutic effect is not influenced by cellular phase.
Benign versus Malignant Tumors
- Benign tumours typically grow slowly and do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize.
- Malignant tumours grow rapidly, invade surrounding tissues, and metastasize to distant sites.
- Some tumours have characteristics of benign and malignant behaviours.
- Local invasion has a diffuse, poorly defined border; cells are often scattered throughout tissues.
- Tumour growth often causes local destruction of adjacent cells, tissues, or bone.
- Histology is a key to differentiating malignant and benign tumours.
- Tumour cell differentiation and mitotic rate play significant roles in tumour grading, used to predict future behaviour.
Tumour Metastasis
- Tumour metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the primary tumour site to other parts of the body
- Commonly involves lymphatic or blood vessels.
- There are three main metastatic pathways in animals: lymphatic, haematogenous, and direct seeding.
- Lungs are a frequent site of metastatic deposits in animals with malignancies.
Principles of Therapy
- Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are primary treatment modalities for cancer.
- An accurate diagnosis and assessment of the extent of disease are essential for effective treatment planning.
- Combination therapies are often more effective than single-agent therapies.
- Patient needs and treatment costs are major considerations.
Chemotherapy Agents
- Cytotoxic drugs work by interfering with cell growth and division, thus being effective against actively dividing cells.
- Some cytotoxic drugs are highly toxic; careful monitoring is crucial.
- Treatment strategies incorporate periods of active treatment and recovery to allow for healthy tissue recovery.
- Specific cytotoxic drugs are used to target specific types of cancers or their stages.
Tumour Response
- Tumour response to treatment depends on the growth fraction and resistance factors.
- Cytotoxic drug administration commonly follows first-order kinetics, where a given dose affects a certain percentage of tumor cells, not a fixed number.
Complications of Chemotherapy
- Cytotoxic drugs are not selective for tumour cells and thus cause damage to normal tissues.
- Bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, or hypersensitivity are common side effects of chemotherapy
Other Complications
- Paraneoplastic syndromes refer to systemic effects of certain types of cancer, rather than direct tumor growth.
- Haematological complications from tumour involvement in blood cell formation, or secondary to blood loss.
- Metabolic and endocrine issues may result from tumour-produced hormones and hormones like substances.
Radiotherapy
- Radiation therapy is a valuable treatment for specific tumor types and certain locations.
- Radiation is not equally effective on all tumour types or for all tumor locations.
- Fractionated treatments reduce the side effects of radiotherapy, by treating over a longer period of time.
- Radiation, as other therapies can also affect surrounding healthy tissue.
Other therapies
- Cryosurgery is a precise treatment, freezing cell tissue using extreme cold.
- Immunotherapy has the potential to directly target cancerous cells, with various ongoing studies focusing on the effectiveness and safety of this treatment.
Tumors of the Urogenital Tract
- Renal, prostate, and bladder tumours in dogs & cats are commonly found in later life.
- Diagnostic approach should include physical examination, blood tests, imaging (such as radiology and ultrasound), and biopsy.
Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract
- Adenocarcinomas are among the most common stomach tumors in dogs.
- Gastric tumors can exhibit varied behaviors, and metastasis to other organs is common.
- Clinical signs of gastrointestinal tumors may mimic other gastrointestinal issues.
- Surgical excision is the primary treatment option, with radiation therapy and chemotherapy used as adjunctive options.
Pancreatic Beta-cell Tumors (Insulinoma)
- Insulinoma in dogs and cats often presents as hypoglycemia (low blood sugar).
- Frequent clinical findings include weakness, seizures, collapse, tremor and other neurological symptoms.
- Diagnosis usually involves blood work, measuring insulin and glucose levels.
- Surgical resection is often the recommended treatment.
Peri-anal Tumor
- Perineal tumors (in dogs) are commonly in older dogs, are often associated with a chronic disease.
- Non-specific signs can include weight loss, anorexia, rectal bleeding, and dyschezia.
- Diagnosis often includes biopsy and imaging.
- Treatment generally involves surgery, with or without chemotherapy.
Liver Tumors
- Hepatic tumours in dogs and cats are generally uncommon.
- Signs are often non-specific, including weight loss, anorexia and generalized lethargy.
- The diagnostic approach usually includes physical examination, blood work (biochemistry, liver enzyme profiles), abdominal radiography and ultrasound and/or liver biopsy.
- Liver lobectomy is favoured in cases of localized liver tumors where complete removal is possible.
Tumors of the Oral Cavity
- Benign oral tumors (such as epulis) are relatively common.
- Malignant oral tumors can metastasize to distant sites.
- The most common treatment is wide surgical excision, with other therapies (radiation, chemotherapy) used adjunctively.
Tumors of the Bone
- Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in dogs.
- The tumour typically spreads to other organs early in course.
- Treatment methods include amputation, limb salvage, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
- Diagnosis is crucial for determining effective treatment strategies and prognosis.
Tumors of the Mammary Gland
- Mammary tumors are common in older female dogs.
- Various histological types exist.
- Surgical removal is a common treatment.
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Description
Test your knowledge on cancer diagnosis methods and oncology principles with this quiz. You'll explore biopsy techniques, imaging methods, and key components of tumor assessment. Discover the rules of oncology and common practices in diagnosing tumors effectively.
