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Questions and Answers
What percentage of patients with oesophageal cancer typically presents with lymph node metastases?
What is the most prevalent histological subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma?
Which molecular marker is often evaluated in adenocarcinoma to inform treatment decisions?
What is a commonly recognized pathway that leads from low-grade dysplasia to invasive squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which of the following options represents a type of dysplasia found in Barrett's oesophagus?
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Which type of oesophageal cancer is the most common worldwide?
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What is the primary risk factor for oesophageal adenocarcinoma?
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Which histological feature is most commonly associated with Barrett’s oesophagus?
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What is the yearly risk of developing adenocarcinoma for patients diagnosed with Barrett’s oesophagus?
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Which part of the oesophagus is most commonly affected by adenocarcinoma?
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Which of the following is a common macroscopic appearance of oesophageal adenocarcinoma?
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Which of the following is not a risk factor for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma?
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Which histological marker is commonly increased in cases of oesophageal dysplasia?
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Study Notes
Oesophageal Cancer - The Basics
- Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common oesophageal cancer type worldwide
- Adenocarcinoma is increasingly prevalent, particularly in Western nations
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the main risk factor for adenocarcinoma
- Barrett's oesophagus, a pre-malignant condition, is almost always present before adenocarcinoma develops
Histology and Staging
- Columnar epithelium with goblet cells is the hallmark of Barrett's oesophagus
- Dysplasia is a pre-cancerous change, characterized by abnormal cell growth
- p16 and p53 markers are commonly elevated in oesophageal dysplasia
- Squamous cell carcinoma invades the submucosa and deeper layers with dysplastic squamous cells
- Lymphatic metastases are found in about 60% of oesophageal cancer patients, significantly impacting prognosis
Specifics of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Upper third of the oesophagus is the typical location for squamous cell carcinoma
- Ulcerating and infiltrating masses are the most common macroscopic features
- Alcohol, tobacco smoke, and vitamin deficiencies contribute as risk factors
- 5-year survival with lymph node involvement is significantly lower, estimated at 10-20%
Specifics of Adenocarcinoma
- Lower third of the oesophagus is primarily affected by adenocarcinoma
- Ulcer or mass growth is the usual macroscopic appearance
- 1-3% of GERD patients develop Barrett's oesophagus
- 0.5-1% yearly risk of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's oesophagus patients
Gastric Adenocarcinoma
- Intestinal type is the most frequent subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma
- Molecular markers, like PD-L1, play a crucial role in tailoring treatment strategies
Dysplasia Progression
- Chronic inflammation and subsequent high-grade dysplasia are the most common pathways to invasive squamous cell carcinoma
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Description
This quiz explores the basics of oesophageal cancer, focusing on the common types such as squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. It covers key risk factors, histological features, and the significance of dysplasia in disease progression. Test your knowledge on this critical health topic!
