59 Questions
What is the primary purpose of the component HP-Guar in Systane COMPLETE artificial tear?
To create a meshwork gel that retains active lubricants on the ocular surface
What is the measure of effective osmolarity referred to as?
Tonicity
Which component is responsible for resisting a change in pH in tear formulations and includes examples such as phosphate, borate, and sodium hydroxide?
Buffers
What is the potential adverse reaction associated with the preservative thimerosal in artificial tear formulations?
Allergic reaction
What is the purpose of using hypertonic solutions in artificial tear formulations?
To promote healing of corneal edema
Which vitamin is essential for the differentiation and maintenance of mucosal epithelium and its absence can lead to loss of goblet cells?
Vitamin A
What is the primary purpose of buffers in artificial tear formulations?
To resist a change in pH
What is the main cause of tear hyperosmolarity in Evaporative Dry Eye (EDE)?
Excessive evaporation from the exposed tear film
What is the primary effect of tear hyperosmolarity in Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Goblet cell and epithelial cell loss
Which of the following is a key step in the cascade of signaling events within surface epithelial cells due to tear hyperosmolarity?
Release of inflammatory mediators
What role do inflammatory mediators play in the Vicious Circle of Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Lead to goblet cell and epithelial cell loss
What is a potential consequence of tear film break-up in Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Neovascularization of the cornea
What is the recommended approach for managing and treating Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Relieve symptoms and heal ocular surface
Which type of artificial tears are ideal for reproducing characteristics of natural tears?
Polymer based with viscoelastic substances
What function does polysaccharides serve in artificial tears?
All of the above
Which substance is an example of a viscoelastic polysaccharide in artificial tears?
Sodium hyaluronate
What is the role of vinyl derivatives in artificial tears?
Wetting agent for contact lenses
What is the global dry eye definition according to the TFOS DEWS II?
A disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film and ocular symptoms
What role does tear film instability play in the etiology of dry eye, according to the TFOS DEWS II?
It directly damages the ocular surface
What is the core mechanism of Dry Eye Disease (DED) according to the text?
Tear hyperosmolarity
What happens when tear hyperosmolarity damages the ocular surface?
It sucks fluid from the corneal epithelial cells causing an inflammatory process
What is the primary characteristic of dry eye disease according to TFOS DEWS II?
Hyperosmolarity of the tear film
What plays a role in the etiology of dry eye disease according to the TFOS DEWS II?
Hyperosmolarity and instability of the tear film
According to TFOS DEWS II, what characterizes dry eye as a disease of the ocular surface?
Loss of homeostasis of the tear film and ocular symptoms
What does tear hyperosmolarity initiate, according to the text?
Inflammation
What leads to an inflammatory process by sucking fluid from the corneal epithelial cells, according to the text?
Hyperosmolarity of the tear film
What is the primary characteristic that leads to damage of the ocular surface, according to TFOS DEWS II?
Tear film instability and hyperosmolarity
What is the primary purpose of Vevye (cyclosporine ophthalmic solution)?
To treat moderate to severe dry eye
What is the main difference between Vevye and Miebo?
Vevye contains cyclosporine, while Miebo does not
Why is Miebo referred to as the 'self-driven vehicle'?
Because it penetrates meibomian glands without a drug attached
What is the primary function of Perfluorohexyloctane in Miebo?
To interact with the lipophilic layer of tears and prevent evaporation
What is Lacrisert primarily used for?
To treat moderate to severe dry eye
What distinguishes Lacrisert from Miebo and Vevye?
Lacrisert is an ophthalmic insert, while Miebo and Vevye are ophthalmic drops
Describe the mode of action of NOV03 (perfluorohexloctane) according to the text.
It interacts with tear film lipophilic part, forming a layer at tear film-air interface which prevents evaporation
What distinguishes Eyesol® from other solutions mentioned in the text?
It contains cyclosporine and perfluorohexyloctane
What is the core mechanism of Dry Eye Disease (DED) according to the text?
Tear hyperosmolarity
What is the primary characteristic of dry eye disease according to TFOS DEWS II?
Ocular surface inflammation and damage
What does tear hyperosmolarity initiate, according to the text?
Ocular surface inflammation
What role do neurosensory abnormalities play in the etiology of dry eye, according to the TFOS DEWS II?
They contribute to tear film instability
What is the potential adverse reaction associated with the preservative thimerosal in artificial tear formulations?
Allergic reactions
What is the primary cause of tear hyperosmolarity in Evaporative Dry Eye (EDE)?
Excessive evaporation from the exposed tear film
What is the main role of inflammatory mediators and tear hyperosmolarity in Dry Eye Disease?
Cause epithelial cell loss and damage to the glycocalyx
What is the primary function of lubricants in treating Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Relieve ocular surface discomfort
Which substance is an example of a viscoelastic polysaccharide in artificial tears?
Sodium hyaluronate
What is the net result of punctate epitheliopathy and tear film instability in Dry Eye Disease (DED)?
Tear film break-up
Which form of DED is characterized by tear hyperosmolarity resulting from reduced lacrimal secretion?
Aqueous Deficient Dry Eye (ADDE)
What is the primary role of preservatives in artificial tear formulations?
To kill or inhibit microorganism growth
Which vitamin is essential for the differentiation and maintenance of mucosal epithelium, with its absence leading to loss of goblet cells?
Vitamin A
What is the primary characteristic of Sodium Perborate in Thera Tears artificial tears?
It dissociates to H2O2 then to oxygen and water by tear catalase
What is the primary role of HP-Guar in Systane COMPLETE artificial tears?
To create a meshwork gel that helps retain active lubricants on the ocular surface
What is the primary characteristic of Sodium chlorate in Systane lubricant family artificial tears?
It dissociates to H2O2 then to oxygen and water by tear catalase
What is the primary purpose of using hypertonic solutions in artificial tear formulations?
To promote epithelial healing
What is the primary mode of action of Miebo (perfluorohexyloctane ophthalmic solution) as described in the text?
It dissolves the altered, viscous meibum in the meibomian glands
What distinguishes Miebo from Vevye and Eyesol® based on the information provided?
Miebo is solely a lubricant without carrying any drug, unlike Vevye and Eyesol®
What is the key advantage of using Miebo (perfluorohexyloctane ophthalmic solution) over gels or ointments, as mentioned in the text?
It causes minimal visual disturbances due to low surface tension
Which statement accurately represents the mode of action of NOV03 (perfluorohexloctane) as described in the text?
NOV03 interacts with tear film lipophilic part, forming a protective surfactant layer
What is the primary purpose of Lacrisert according to the text?
To provide long-lasting lubrication with gradual dissolution
What distinguishes Eyesol® from Miebo and NOV03 based on the information provided in the text?
Eyesol® contains a drug while Miebo and NOV03 do not
What is the primary characteristic of Lacrisert according to the information provided in the text?
Lacrisert softens within 1 hour and dissolves in 14-18 hours
Test your knowledge on the pharmacology of ocular surface disease treatment options, focusing on tear supplementation with artificial tear formulations. Explore topics such as water-based + polymer formulations, buffers, tonicity and pH, preservatives, and nutrients.
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