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Questions and Answers
What does GTPAL stand for?
What does GTPAL stand for?
Gravidity, Term Births, Preterm Births, Abortions/Miscarriages, Living Children
What is the definition of a primigravida?
What is the definition of a primigravida?
What does the term 'viable' refer to in the context of pregnancy?
What does the term 'viable' refer to in the context of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
Which of the following is a presumptive sign of pregnancy?
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The first awareness of fetal movement is called [BLANK].
The first awareness of fetal movement is called [BLANK].
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Which of the following is considered a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
Which of the following is considered a risk factor for gestational diabetes?
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Preeclampsia can be treated with magnesium sulfate.
Preeclampsia can be treated with magnesium sulfate.
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What is the typical recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
What is the typical recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
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What is the medical term for a miscarriage?
What is the medical term for a miscarriage?
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What is the typical treatment for an incompetent cervix?
What is the typical treatment for an incompetent cervix?
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Which of the following infections is NOT included in the TORCH acronym?
Which of the following infections is NOT included in the TORCH acronym?
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Study Notes
Gravida/Gravidity
- A woman who is pregnant; number of pregnancies
- Includes current pregnancy
- Includes abortions
- Twins/triplets count as one gravidity
Para/Parity
- A woman who has given birth; the number of viable (after 20 weeks gestation) births
- Includes both live births and stillbirths
- Twins/triplets count as one parity
Nullipara
- A woman who has never birthed a child
Primipara (PRIMTIP)
- A woman's first birth
Multipara (MULTIP)
- A woman who has birthed 2+
Viability
- 20 weeks gestation
Total Weeks of Gestation
- 40 weeks
Preterm
- A pregnancy that has reached 20 weeks of gestation but ends before completion of 37 weeks of gestation (real world: 35 weeks)
Term
- A pregnancy that ends between 37 - 42 weeks
Postterm/Postdate
- A pregnancy that ends after 42 weeks gestation
GTPAL
- Gravidity
- Term Births
- Preterm Births
- Abortions/Miscarriages
- Living Children
Naegele's Rule
- EDD = LMP - 3 months + 7 days + 1 year
Types of S/S of Pregnancy
Presumptive
- All subjective s/s
- Period (amenorrhea)
- Tired/fatigue
- Enlarged breasts
- Sore breasts
- Increased urination frequency
- Possible movement/quickening
- Emesis (N/V)
Probable
- All objective s/s
- All "signs"
- (+) pregnancy test
- Goodell's sign
- Chadwick's sign
- Hegar's sign
- Enlarged uterus
- Ballottement
- Braxton Hicks contractions (may be present)
Positive
- All objective + definite signs
- Fetal movement palpated
- Electronic FHT detected
- Delivery of the baby
- Ultrasound detects baby
- Seeing visible movements
Quickening
- a woman's first awareness of fetal movement, first occurs between 18 - 20 weeks gestation in primigravidas and between 14 - 16 weeks in multigravidas
Antepartal Testing
- biophysical profile (BPP)
- ultrasound for fetal HR and measurement of amniotic fluid index (AFI) which should be between 8 - 18 cm
- nuchal translucency
Healthy People 2030 Goals
- Reduce the rate of fetal deaths at 20+ weeks of gestation
- Increase the proportion of pregnant women who receive early and adequate prenatal care
- Reduce preterm births (worsening trends)
- Increase the proportion of women who had healthy weight before pregnancy (worsening trend)
Pregnancy Hormones
- Progesterone
- Relaxin
- Prolactin
- hCG
- Oxytocin
Diet
- Folic acid: 600 mcg/day - to prevent neural tube defects
- Iron: 27 mg - to prevent anemia
Tocolytics
- Terbutaline (Brethine)
- Nifedipine (Procardia)
- Magnesium Sulfate
Hydralazine + Labetalol
- Drugs of choice for gestation HTN and preeclampsia
Betamethasone (Celestone)
- steroid used to stimulate production of lung surfactant pf fetus when s/s of preterm labor are present at less than 35 weeks gestation
Infertility + IVF
- Infertility defined as inability to conceive and maintain a pregnancy after 12 months (6 months for women of AMA (35))
- Treatment: Clomid (stimulates release of FSH and LH)
- IVF (Assisted Reproductive Therapy)
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location
- Greatest concern: hemorrhage and infection
- Treatment: surgical or methotrexate
Placenta Previa
- Not a medical emergency but C-SECTION IS REQUIRED
- Cause unknown
- Signs: painless bright red bleeding
Placenta Abruption
- Medical emergency
- Causes: drug use, MVAS
- Signs: dark red bleeding, sudden and severe abdominal pain
Anemia
- Hct less than 10
- Hgb less than 36%
Gestational HTN/preeclampsia/eclampsia
- Hypertension
- Hypertension with symptoms like blurred vision, dizziness, HA, epigastric pain, N/V, seizures
HELLP syndrome + DIC syndrome
- HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets)
- Can occur as complication of severe/untreated preeclampsia
- Symptoms: hematuria, jaundice, epigastric pain
- HELLP can lead to DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) syndrome
Gestational diabetes
- Hypoglycemia is a major concern in newborns; newborn Glu should be greater than 40
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Excessive vomiting during pregnancy
- Greatest concern: electrolyte, metabolic, and nutritional imbalances
Smoking, alcohol, and drug use effects
- Smoking - IUGR
- Alcohol - fetal alcohol syndrome
- Marijuana - negative effect on neurological development of fetus
- Heroine - newborn withdrawal
Abortion vs IUFD
- Abortion (miscarriage) or medically induced; occurs less than 20 weeks gestation
- Intrauterine fetal demise = death of fetus greater than 20 weeks gestation
Incompetent Cervix
- Spontaneous, premature dilation of the cervix during the second trimester of pregnancy
- Treatment: cerclage (between 10 - 14 weeks gestation, removed at 36 weeks or labor)
TORCH Infections
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other infections (STIs, varicella, hep B, or human parvovirus B19)
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus
- Herpes
GBS (Group Beta Streptococcus)
- Overgrowth of normal flora
- Mother receives 2 doses of antibiotics to prevent complications in newborns
RhoGAM
- Given only to Rh (-) mothers to prevent complications in future pregnancies
Fetal Movement
- 10 kicks in 2 hours
- Fetus should not sleep more than 30 minutes
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Description
Test your knowledge of key terms related to obstetrics and pregnancy. This quiz covers topics like gravidity, parity, and gestational milestones. Perfect for medical students or anyone interested in women's health.
