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Questions and Answers
A woman is pregnant for the third time. Her first pregnancy resulted in a stillbirth at 32 weeks. Her second pregnancy resulted in the birth of twins at 38 weeks. What is her GTPAL?
A woman is pregnant for the third time. Her first pregnancy resulted in a stillbirth at 32 weeks. Her second pregnancy resulted in the birth of twins at 38 weeks. What is her GTPAL?
- 3-1-0-1-1
- 3-1-0-1-2
- 3-2-0-0-2
- 3-0-1-0-2 (correct)
A woman's last menstrual period (LMP) was March 15, 2023. Based on Naegele's rule, what is her estimated due date (EDD)?
A woman's last menstrual period (LMP) was March 15, 2023. Based on Naegele's rule, what is her estimated due date (EDD)?
- December 8, 2023
- December 29, 2023
- December 18, 2023
- December 22, 2023 (correct)
A woman who has never given birth to a viable baby is considered a:
A woman who has never given birth to a viable baby is considered a:
- Primipara
- Nullipara (correct)
- Multipara
- Para
Which of the following symptoms of pregnancy is considered a presumptive sign?
Which of the following symptoms of pregnancy is considered a presumptive sign?
A pregnancy that lasts beyond 42 weeks of gestation is classified as:
A pregnancy that lasts beyond 42 weeks of gestation is classified as:
What is the minimum number of weeks gestation required to define a baby as viable?
What is the minimum number of weeks gestation required to define a baby as viable?
A woman who is pregnant with her 5th child has had 2 previous preterm births and 1 previous term birth. What is her GTPAL?
A woman who is pregnant with her 5th child has had 2 previous preterm births and 1 previous term birth. What is her GTPAL?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is considered when determining parity?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that is considered when determining parity?
What is the primary purpose of progesterone during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of progesterone during pregnancy?
Which sign is a positive indicator of pregnancy?
Which sign is a positive indicator of pregnancy?
What defines quickening in pregnancy?
What defines quickening in pregnancy?
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
What is the recommended daily intake of folic acid during pregnancy?
Which medication is used as a tocolytic to stop preterm labor?
Which medication is used as a tocolytic to stop preterm labor?
What is the main concern during ectopic pregnancy?
What is the main concern during ectopic pregnancy?
How is placenta previa primarily managed?
How is placenta previa primarily managed?
What defines gestational hypertension?
What defines gestational hypertension?
Which of the following is a side effect of Terbutaline?
Which of the following is a side effect of Terbutaline?
What is the purpose of administering Betamethasone during pregnancy?
What is the purpose of administering Betamethasone during pregnancy?
What is HELLP syndrome associated with?
What is HELLP syndrome associated with?
Which nutrient deficiency can lead to anemia in pregnancy?
Which nutrient deficiency can lead to anemia in pregnancy?
What does the term 'incompetent cervix' refer to?
What does the term 'incompetent cervix' refer to?
What is one effect of smoking during pregnancy?
What is one effect of smoking during pregnancy?
Flashcards
Gravida/Gravidity
Gravida/Gravidity
A woman who is pregnant. This number includes ALL pregnancies, including the current one, abortions, and twins/triplets (count as one gravidity).
Para/Parity
Para/Parity
A woman who has given birth to a viable baby (20+ weeks gestation). This includes both live and stillbirths, and twins/triplets count as one parity.
Nullipara
Nullipara
A woman who has never given birth to a child (regardless of the number of pregnancies).
Primipara
Primipara
A woman who has given birth to one baby.
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Multipara
Multipara
A woman who has given birth to two or more babies.
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Viability
Viability
The gestation period of a baby considered viable, being after 20 weeks.
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Total Weeks of Gestation
Total Weeks of Gestation
The total gestation period is 40 weeks.
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Preterm
Preterm
A pregnancy that reaches 20 weeks but ends before 37 weeks of gestation.
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Quickening
Quickening
The first awareness of fetal movement, typically occurring between 18-20 weeks in first pregnancies and 14-16 weeks in subsequent pregnancies.
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Biophysical Profile (BPP)
Biophysical Profile (BPP)
A series of tests used to evaluate fetal well-being during pregnancy, including a non-stress test (NST) and ultrasound to measure amniotic fluid index (AFI).
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Nuchal Translucency
Nuchal Translucency
A type of ultrasound used to check for chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus between 11-16 weeks of pregnancy.
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Progesterone
Progesterone
A hormone produced by the placenta that maintains pregnancy by sustaining uterine growth and preventing contractions.
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Relaxin
Relaxin
A hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries that relaxes smooth muscles, joints, and ligaments to assist with bodily stretching during pregnancy and delivery.
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Prolactin
Prolactin
A hormone that stimulates breast milk production.
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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
A hormone produced by the placenta that prevents menstruation.
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Tocolytic
Tocolytic
A medication used to stop premature labor by relaxing uterine muscles. Examples: Terbutaline, Nifedipine, and Magnesium Sulfate.
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Betamethasone (Celestone)
Betamethasone (Celestone)
A steroid used to stimulate lung surfactant production in fetuses at less than 35 weeks gestation, especially when preterm labor is imminent.
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Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic Pregnancy
A medical condition where implantation of a fertilized egg occurs outside the uterus, most commonly in the fallopian tube.
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Placenta Previa
Placenta Previa
A condition where the placenta partially or fully covers the cervix, requiring a C-section delivery.
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Placenta Abruption
Placenta Abruption
A serious medical condition where the placenta detaches from the uterine wall, causing bleeding and abdominal pain.
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Gestational Hypertension/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
Gestational Hypertension/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
A condition where the blood pressure increases during pregnancy, often accompanied by other symptoms like vision changes, headaches, and abdominal pain.
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HELLP Syndrome
HELLP Syndrome
A syndrome that can develop as a severe complication of preeclampsia, characterized by hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.
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Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
A condition where the blood sugar levels are higher than normal during pregnancy.
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Gravida/Gravidity
- A woman who is pregnant.
- Number of pregnancies.
- Includes current pregnancy.
- Includes abortions.
- Twins/triplets count as one gravidity.
Para/Parity
- A woman who has given birth.
- Number of viable births (after 20 weeks gestation).
- Includes both live births and stillbirths.
- Twins/triplets count as one parity.
Nullipara
- A woman who has never given birth.
Primipara
- A woman's first birth.
Multipara
- A woman who has given birth to 2 or more children.
Viability
- 20 weeks gestation.
- Total weeks of gestation: 40 weeks.
Preterm
- A pregnancy that reaches 20 weeks gestation but ends before 37 weeks.
- Real-world range is around 35 weeks.
Term
- A pregnancy that ends between 37 and 42 weeks.
Postterm/Postdate
- A pregnancy that ends after 42 weeks.
GTPAL
- Gravidity
- Term Births
- Preterm Births
- Abortions/Miscarriages
- Living Children
Naegele's Rule
- Calculating estimated date of delivery (EDD).
- EDD = LMP - 3 months + 7 days + 1 year.
Types of Signs/Symptoms of Pregnancy
Presumptive
- Subjective symptoms.
- Period (amenorrhea).
- Tiredness/fatigue.
- Enlarged breasts.
- Sore breasts.
- Increased urination frequency.
- Movement/feeling (quickening).
- Nausea/vomiting (N/V).
Probable
- Objective symptoms.
- All the signs of pregnancy (objective).
- Positive pregnancy test.
- Goodell's sign.
- Chadwick's sign.
- Hegar's sign.
- Enlarged uterus.
- Ballottement.
- Braxton Hicks contractions.
Positive
- All definitive objective symptoms.
- Fetal movement palpated.
- Electronic fetal heart tone (FHT) detected.
- Ultrasound detects baby.
- Seeing visible fetal movements.
Quickening
- First awareness of fetal movement.
- 18-20 weeks (primigravida) or 14-16 weeks (multigravida).
Antepartal Testing
- Biophysical Profile (BPP): Non-stress test (NST), Ultrasound for fetal heart rate (HR), Amniotic fluid index (AFI) (8-18 cm).
- Nuchal translucency: Ultrasound and serum testing (11-16 weeks) for chromosomal disorders.
Healthy People 2030 Goals
- Reduce fetal deaths.
- Increase the proportion of pregnant women receiving early and adequate prenatal care.
- Reduce preterm births.
- Increase the proportion of women with a healthy weight before pregnancy.
Pregnancy Hormones
- Progesterone - sustained uterine growth, prevents contractions.
- Relaxin - relaxes smooth muscles, joints, and ligaments.
- Prolactin - stimulates breast milk production.
- hCG - prevents menstruation.
- Oxytocin - stimulates contractions, labor.
Tocolytics (for Stopping Labor)
- Terbutaline (Brethine): beta adrenergic receptor agonist; bronchodilator; tocolytic.
- Nifedipine (Procardia): calcium channel blocker; antihypertensive; tocolytic.
- Magnesium sulfate: tocolytic (used to stop contractions or seizures).
Betamethasone (Celestone)
- Used to stimulate lung surfactant production in fetuses at risk of preterm delivery (less than 35 weeks gestation.)
- Has adverse side effects.
Infertility/In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)
- Infertility defined.
- Treatment method (Clomid, IVF = Assisted Reproductive Therapy (ART)).
Ectopic Pregnancy
- Implantation outside the uterus.
- Causes concern for hemorrhage and infection.
Placenta Previa
- Placenta in the lower uterine segment, obstructing birth canal.
- Requires C-section.
Placenta Abruption
- Premature separation of placenta from uterus.
- Medical emergency.
Anemia
- Hct below 10, Hgb below 36%
Gestational HTN/Preeclampsia/Eclampsia
- Hypertension.
- Symptoms include blurred vision, dizziness, headaches, epigastric pain, nausea/vomiting, and seizures.
HELLP Syndrome + DIC Syndrome
- Hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets.
- Can occur as a complication of severe preeclampsia.
- Potential for DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation).
Gestational Diabetes
- Hypoglycemia in the newborn is the main concern.
- Newborn's glucose should be more than 40.
Hyperemesis Gravidarum
- Excessive vomiting during pregnancy.
- Electrolyte, metabolic, nutritional imbalances.
Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Use Effects on Pregnancy
- Smoking (IUGR, Interuterine Growth Restriction).
- Alcohol (fetal alcohol syndrome).
- Marijuana: negative effect on neurological development.
Abortion vs. IUFD
- Abortion (before 20 weeks).
- Intrauterine Fetal Demise (after 20 weeks).
Incompetent Cervix
- Spontaneous premature dilation of cervix in the second trimester.
- Tx: cerclage.
TORCH Infections
- Toxoplasmosis, other infections (STIs, varicella, hep B, human parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes.
- Group B Streptococcus (GBS), screening and antibiotic prevention during delivery.
RH0(D) GAM
- Given to Rh negative mothers.
- Prevents complications in future pregnancies.
Fetal Movement
- 10 kicks in 2 hours; fetus should not sleep over 30 minutes.
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