Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the specialty that helps to assist and support women with their reproductive life?

Obstetric and Gynaecological Nursing

Care given to the client before, during, and after delivery is referred to as what type of nursing?

Obstetrical Nursing

What type of nursing pertains to maintaining and sustaining healthy reproductive life in women?

Gynaecological Nursing

What year did the Millennium Development Goal 5 target for maternal mortality aim to achieve?

<p>2015</p> Signup and view all the answers

Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of death for women in Ghana.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main parts of the innominate bone?

<p>Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the largest prominence on the ischium, where the body rests when sitting?

<p>Ischial tuberosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the pelvic brim is considered of little importance to midwifery?

<p>False pelvis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two strongest pelvic joints?

<p>The two sacro-iliac joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscular floor that demarcates the pelvic cavity and perineum?

<p>Pelvic floor or pelvic diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that helps to prevent the uterus from prolapsing?

<p>Perineal body</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the external female genitalia?

<p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pad of fatty tissue that covers the symphysis pubis?

<p>Mons pubis or Mons veneris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small, rounded, highly sensitive organ of erectile tissue located within the prepuce and frenulum of the vulva?

<p>Clitoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of a small ridge of tissue formed by the joining of the two labia minora and labia majora?

<p>Fourchette</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uterus is a pear-shaped organ situated in the true pelvis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the uterus?

<p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the layer of ciliated epithelium that lines the uterus and undergoes cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Endometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the muscular coat of the uterus that helps to expel the fetus during childbirth?

<p>Myometrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

The uterine artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the funnel-shaped, fingered end of the fallopian tube that is attached to the ovary?

<p>Infundibulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the wider portion of the fallopian tube where fertilization usually occurs?

<p>Ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main functions of the ovaries?

<p>Produce eggs and hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer layer of the ovary that is made of peritoneum?

<p>Germinal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the tough, fibrous outer coat of the ovary?

<p>Tunica albuginea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the central portion of the ovary that contains the blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves?

<p>Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the average length of the menstrual cycle?

<p>28 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the organs involved in the menstrual cycle?

<p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that occurs when the lining of the uterus sheds and causes bleeding?

<p>Menstruation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that marks the release of an egg from the ovary?

<p>Ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the union of a sperm and an egg, which marks the beginning of a pregnancy?

<p>Fertilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the ball of cells that forms after the zygote divides and subdivides?

<p>Morula</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outer layer of cells in the blastocyst that develops into the placenta and chorionic membrane?

<p>Trophoblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the endometrium during pregnancy?

<p>Decidua</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the spike-like structures that burrow into the decidua and help to establish a connection between the maternal and fetal circulations?

<p>Chorionic villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of the chorionic villi?

<p>Amnion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that provides nourishment to the developing fetus and forms a connection between the mother and fetus?

<p>Placenta</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the duct that connects the fetus to the placenta?

<p>Umbilical cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the fluid that surrounds the fetus in the amniotic sac?

<p>Amniotic fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where the placenta is attached at the very edge of the placenta, resembling the shape of a table tennis bat?

<p>Battledore insertion of the cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where an extra small lobe of placenta is found separate from the main placenta, connected by blood vessels?

<p>Placenta succenturiata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that involves blood vessels that lie below the presenting part of the fetus?

<p>Vasa praevia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where the placenta is divided into two separate lobes, each with its own cord?

<p>Placenta bipartita</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where an opaque ring is formed on the fetal surface of the placenta due to a doubling back of the chorion and amnion?

<p>Placenta circumvallata</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition where the umbilical cord is inserted into the membranes a distance from the edge of the placenta?

<p>Placenta velamentosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

The placenta plays a role in respiration, nutrition, and excretion for the fetus.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that involves a rapid proliferation of the chorionic villi, often preventing the growth of the fetus?

<p>Hydatidiform mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe a large, pale, water-logged placenta that can weigh half of a fetus?

<p>Oedema</p> Signup and view all the answers

The female breast is a secondary female reproductive organ.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the pigmented skin or dark area of skin surrounding the nipple?

<p>Areola</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small orifices in the nipple through which milk is released?

<p>Lactiferous ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in breast development?

<p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Colostrum is the first milk that is produced after childbirth and is rich in nutrients and antibodies.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone that is primarily responsible for milk production?

<p>Prolactin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the hormone that triggers the release of milk from the breast?

<p>Oxytocin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that can enhance breast milk production?

<p>Use of nipple shields</p> Signup and view all the answers

Breast milk is a valuable food source for infants, providing essential nutrients and immunity.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fluid that circulates within the fetus, transporting oxygen and nutrients?

<p>Fetal blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus?

<p>Umbilical vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessel that connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava?

<p>Ductus venosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temporary opening between the atria of the fetal heart that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium?

<p>Foramen ovale</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the aorta, bypassing the lungs?

<p>Ductus arteriosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the vessels that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus back to the placenta?

<p>Hypogastric arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

The fetal skull is large in comparison to the true pelvis, requiring adaptations for childbirth.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the five main bones that make up the vault of the fetal skull?

<p>Occipital, parietal (two), and frontal (two)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the membranous spaces that allow for some overlap of the fetal skull bones during labor?

<p>Sutures and fontanelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lambdoidal suture is shaped like the Greek letter lambda and separates the occipital bone from the two parietal bones.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the area located between the foramen magnum and the posterior fontanelle on the fetal skull?

<p>Occiput</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the highest point on the fetal skull?

<p>Vertex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the area that extends from the anterior fontanelle and coronal suture to the orbital ridges on the fetal skull?

<p>Sinciput</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outermost membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord?

<p>Dura mater</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the double fold of dura mater that separates the two cerebral hemispheres?

<p>Falx cerebri</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the fold of dura mater that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

<p>Tentorium cerebelli</p> Signup and view all the answers

Moulding is the change in shape of the fetal skull that occurs as it passes through the birth canal.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that involves swelling of the subcutaneous tissues of the fetal skull, often due to early rupture of the membranes?

<p>Caput succedaneum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the condition that involves bleeding between the periosteum and the skull bones, often caused by friction during labor?

<p>Cephalhematoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

  • Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing is a specialty that assists women throughout their reproductive lives, from puberty to menopause.
  • Care is provided during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and for women with reproductive health issues.

Definition of Concepts

  • Obstetrical Nursing involves care before, during, and after childbirth.
  • Gynecological Nursing involves maintaining healthy reproductive life focusing on the reproductive organs (ovaries, uterus, oviducts, breasts).

Historical Perspectives

  • Obstetric practices date back to 1500 BC in Egypt.
  • Traditional methods of childbirth assistance varied among cultures and societies.
  • Modern scientific and formal approaches to maternal care developed over time.

Maternal and Child Health Problems in Ghana

  • Maternal and child health issues are significant public health problems in Ghana.
  • Ghana has not met its Millennium Development Goal 5 target for maternal mortality.
  • Maternal mortality rates are a key indicator of a country's health status, human rights and poverty.
  • Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are leading causes of death in women in Ghana.

Why Study Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing?

  • To gain knowledge of anatomy and physiology of the reproductive organs and apply this in practice.
  • Develop skills to manage women before, during, and after delivery.
  • Recognize abnormalities and prevent complications.
  • Understand obstetric drugs and their effects on the reproductive system and complications.
  • Monitor and record maternal care accurately and identify complications.
  • Provide quality care to women during labor, delivery, and postpartum.
  • Educating mothers regarding the care of their babies, immunizations, and family planning.
  • Provide psychological support to mothers and their families.

Overview of the Female Reproductive Organs

  • The female reproductive system is responsible for reproduction.
  • The system produces hormones for sexual characteristics and pregnancy.
  • Provides the structural and physiological basis for reproduction in females.

The Bony Pelvis

  • Four main pelvic types are gynaecoid, android, anthropoid, and platypelloid.
  • Other types identified are Robert, Naegele, Justo minor and contracted Pelvis.
  • The female pelvis is structurally adapted for childbearing and has key diameters.

Pelvic Ligaments

  • Pelvic joints are held together by ligaments.
  • Important ligaments such as, inguinal (Pouparts), inter-pubic, sacro-iliac, sacro-coccygeal, sacro-tuberous and sacro-spinous.

Divisions of the Pelvis

  • It is divided into the False pelvis (above the brim) and the True pelvis (below the brim).
  • Includes important structures like the promontory of the sacrum, alae of the sacrum, and sacro-iliac joint.

Pelvic Floor or Pelvic Diaphragm

  • The pelvic floor is a muscular floor, delimiting the pelvic cavity and perineum.
  • Its key role is to support pelvic organs and aid in functions such as urination, defecation and sexual intercourse.

Superficial Pelvic Floor Muscles

  • Transverse Perinei, Bulbo cavernous, Ischio cavernous, Membranous sphincter.

Deep Pelvic Floor Muscles

  • Levator ani, Ischio-coccygeus, Ilio coccygeus, Pubococcygeous.

The Female Reproductive Organs

  • The External Genitalia (Vulva): includes mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris.
  • The Internal Genitalia (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, vagina).

The Vagina or Introitus

  • A canal from the vestibule to the cervix with folds (rugae) for flexibility during intercourse and childbirth.
  • Composed of several layers of tissues and is supported by connective tissue.

The Uterus

  • A hollow, muscular organ with a body (corpus) and cervix.

The Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts

  • Connects the uterus to the ovaries; site of fertilization

The Ovaries

  • Almond-shaped organs that produce ova (eggs) and hormones.
  • Have layers such as germinal epithelium and tunica albuginea.

The Menstrual Cycle

  • A monthly cycle of hormonal changes in the ovaries and uterus.
  • Stages: regenerative, proliferative, ovulation, secretory.

Menstruation

  • The shedding of the uterine lining in the absence of pregnancy.
  • Potential associated symptoms vary like, anxiety, fatigue and abdominal discomfort.

Fertilization and Development of the Ovum

  • Union of sperm and egg; result is a zygote.
  • Early developmental stages involve morula and blastocyst.
  • Development of the placenta to support the developing fetus.

Early Development of the Placenta

  • Formed at the implantation site; supports fetal development.
  • Stages of development involve the formation of the morula, blastocyst and then the primitive chorionic villi.

Chorionic Villi

  • The projections are spike like structures that burrow into the decidua and cause erosion of maternal tissues (maternal blood vessels) and blood pools.

Placenta at Term

  • The fully developed placenta is a flat, circular structure located in the upper uterine region.
  • Structures like maternal, fetal surface, and cotyledons (lobes) are found on it.

Abnormalities of Placental Development

  • Placenta Succenturiata, Placenta Bipartita, and Placenta Circumvallata.

The Fetal Membranes

  • Amnion and chorion form the fetal sac surrounding the developing embryo or fetus.
  • Important fetal membranes involved are; syncitium, layer of Langerhans, and mesoderm.

Early Development of the Fetus

  • The formation of two cavities is essential and includes amniotic and yolk sac.

The Fetal Skull

  • The fetal skull's anatomy, sutures, and fontanelles are discussed.
  • Importance of the fetal skull's sizes and shapes for labor and delivery of the fetus.

Fetal Circulation

  • The circulatory system adapts to the fetus' environment within the uterus.
  • Fetal circulation involves temporary structures (ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, foramen ovale) that divert blood away from the lungs, which are not yet functioning.
  • A change in blood flow occurs at birth when respiration takes place in the lungs.

Changes After Birth

  • After birth, the circulatory system undergoes significant structural and functional changes.
  • The changes include the closure of the foramen ovale, and ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus.

Moulding

  • Changes in the shape of the fetal skull during labor.
  • Excessive moulding represents a possible danger to the fetus.

Caput Formation

  • Swelling of the fetal scalp because of fluid accumulation in the subcutaneous tissues caused by pressure during labor and delivery.

Cephal Hematoma

  • Bleeding between the skull bones and periosteum during childbirth.

Scalp Tissues

  • Five layers of tissue form the scalp from the exterior to the interior (skin, subcutaneous tissues, muscle layer, connective tissue, and periosteum).

Pathological Conditions of the Placenta

  • Hydatidiform mole (abnormal growth of chorionic villi), premature degeneration, infarcts, oedema.

The Female Breast

  • The breast is a secondary reproductive organ and develops with the hormonal changes during puberty.
  • The structures of the breast at multiple levels (macroscopic and microscopic) are defined and explained.

Breast in Pregnancy

  • Hormonal changes cause breast enlargement and modification in preparation for lactation.
  • Progesterone and estrogen are important hormones during pregnancy and lactation.

Breast Feeding

  • Benefits and dangers of breastfeeding, both to the mother and the baby are noted
  • Factors that help production of breastmilk are noted

Problems with Breastfeeding

  • Engorgement, deep breast pain, mastitis and blocked ducts are possible problems for the mother
  • Cleft palate and tongue tie are possible problems for the baby

Physiology of Lactation

  • The role of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, oxytocin) in milk production is explained.
  • The release of milk is hormonally controlled.

Breast milk

  • Characteristics, benefits and nutritional components of breastmilk.

Maintenance of Effective Breastfeeding

  • Factors that enhance milk production like frequent breastfeeding and emptying the breast, noted

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Introduction to Obstetric and Gynaecology Nursing Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers key concepts in Obstetric and Gynecological Nursing, focusing on the care provided to women during pregnancy, childbirth, and reproductive health issues. It also touches on the historical perspectives and challenges faced in maternal and child health, particularly in Ghana.

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