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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of learning according to psychologists?
What is the definition of learning according to psychologists?
- A permanent change in behaviour
- A type of conditioning that occurs naturally
- A change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of experience (correct)
- A learned response to a stimulus
What type of learning involves making a new association between events in the environment?
What type of learning involves making a new association between events in the environment?
- Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning
- Associative Learning (correct)
- Observational Learning
What is the first step in observational learning, as identified by Albert Bandura?
What is the first step in observational learning, as identified by Albert Bandura?
- Reproduction
- Motivation
- Attention (correct)
- Retention
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning?
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning?
What is the purpose of the 'motivation' stage in observational learning?
What is the purpose of the 'motivation' stage in observational learning?
What did Albert Bandura use to demonstrate the concept of observational learning?
What did Albert Bandura use to demonstrate the concept of observational learning?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the response to the unconditioned stimulus?
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the response to the unconditioned stimulus?
What is the result of children who observe aggressive behavior, as demonstrated by Bandura's experiment?
What is the result of children who observe aggressive behavior, as demonstrated by Bandura's experiment?
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
What is the process by which we store a mental representation of the observed behavior?
What is the process by which we store a mental representation of the observed behavior?
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
What type of learning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
What type of learning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
What is the process by which we convert our stored memory into action?
What is the process by which we convert our stored memory into action?
What is the term for the bell in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the term for the bell in Pavlov's experiment?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
What is the term for an event that increases the likelihood of a certain behavior?
What is the term for an event that increases the likelihood of a certain behavior?
Which psychologist is known for his experiment with a rat and a pellet of food?
Which psychologist is known for his experiment with a rat and a pellet of food?
What is the term for the process of learning through observing others?
What is the term for the process of learning through observing others?
What is the Law of Effect?
What is the Law of Effect?
What is the primary difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
What is the primary difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
What is the term for a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior?
What is the term for a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior?
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
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Study Notes
Observational Learning
- Learning occurs by observing people who act as models
- Albert Bandura identified four processes crucial to observational learning:
- Attention: Pay attention to the behavior of others
- Retention: Store a mental representation of what you observed
- Reproduction: Convert stored memory into action
- Motivation: Must be motivated to practice the skill
Imitating Violence
- Bandura's experiment: Children who saw adults acting aggressively towards a clown toy were more likely to copy the behavior
- Children who didn't see this were less likely to behave aggressively
Operant Conditioning
- Definition: Learning process where consequences of an action determine the likelihood of it being performed in the future
- Behaviors are controlled by reinforcement and punishment
- Positive reinforcement: An event or situation that increases the likelihood of a behavior continuing to occur (e.g., reward)
- Negative reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
B.F. Skinner and the Rat Experiment
- Skinner applied Pavlov's stimulus-response concept to more complex behavior
- Rat learned to press a bar for food pellets, demonstrating conditioning
- Skinner Box: Tests the effects of different stimuli
Edward Lee Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Any behavior that leads to a satisfying result is more likely to occur again
Introduction to Behavioral Psychology
- Definition: Learning as a change in knowledge or behavior due to experience
- Types of learning: Associative learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
- Definition: Type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object elicits a reflexive response when associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
- Ivan Pavlov's experiment: Dogs associated the sound of a bell with food, leading to salivation
Ivan Pavlov's Experiment
- Paired meat powder with various stimuli, including the sound of a bell
- After repeated pairings, the bell alone elicited salivation in the dogs
- Demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
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