22 Questions
What is the definition of learning according to psychologists?
A change in knowledge or behaviour as a result of experience
What type of learning involves making a new association between events in the environment?
Associative Learning
What is the first step in observational learning, as identified by Albert Bandura?
Attention
What is the term for a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning?
Unconditioned Stimulus
What is the purpose of the 'motivation' stage in observational learning?
To practise the learned skill
What did Albert Bandura use to demonstrate the concept of observational learning?
An inflatable clown toy
In classical conditioning, what is the term for the response to the unconditioned stimulus?
Unconditioned Response
What is the result of children who observe aggressive behavior, as demonstrated by Bandura's experiment?
They are more likely to behave aggressively
Who is credited with the discovery of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is the process by which we store a mental representation of the observed behavior?
Retention
What is the term for the process of associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
Classical Conditioning
What type of learning involves the association of a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit an unconditioned response?
Classical Conditioning
What is the process by which we convert our stored memory into action?
Reproduction
What is the term for the bell in Pavlov's experiment?
Conditioned Stimulus
What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?
The consequences of an action on the likelihood of its future occurrence
What is the term for an event that increases the likelihood of a certain behavior?
Positive reinforcement
Which psychologist is known for his experiment with a rat and a pellet of food?
B.F. Skinner
What is the term for the process of learning through observing others?
Observational learning
What is the Law of Effect?
Any behavior that leads to a satisfying result is more likely to occur again
What is the primary difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning?
The role of consequences in behavior
What is the term for a stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior?
Punishment
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
A child is taken to a shop for getting good grades
Study Notes
Observational Learning
- Learning occurs by observing people who act as models
- Albert Bandura identified four processes crucial to observational learning:
- Attention: Pay attention to the behavior of others
- Retention: Store a mental representation of what you observed
- Reproduction: Convert stored memory into action
- Motivation: Must be motivated to practice the skill
Imitating Violence
- Bandura's experiment: Children who saw adults acting aggressively towards a clown toy were more likely to copy the behavior
- Children who didn't see this were less likely to behave aggressively
Operant Conditioning
- Definition: Learning process where consequences of an action determine the likelihood of it being performed in the future
- Behaviors are controlled by reinforcement and punishment
- Positive reinforcement: An event or situation that increases the likelihood of a behavior continuing to occur (e.g., reward)
- Negative reinforcement: Removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring
B.F. Skinner and the Rat Experiment
- Skinner applied Pavlov's stimulus-response concept to more complex behavior
- Rat learned to press a bar for food pellets, demonstrating conditioning
- Skinner Box: Tests the effects of different stimuli
Edward Lee Thorndike's Law of Effect
- Any behavior that leads to a satisfying result is more likely to occur again
Introduction to Behavioral Psychology
- Definition: Learning as a change in knowledge or behavior due to experience
- Types of learning: Associative learning, including classical conditioning and operant conditioning
Classical Conditioning
- Definition: Type of learned response that occurs when a neutral object elicits a reflexive response when associated with a stimulus that already produces that response
- Ivan Pavlov's experiment: Dogs associated the sound of a bell with food, leading to salivation
Ivan Pavlov's Experiment
- Paired meat powder with various stimuli, including the sound of a bell
- After repeated pairings, the bell alone elicited salivation in the dogs
- Demonstrated classical conditioning, where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a conditioned response
Learn about the four stages of observational learning, including attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation, as identified by psychologist Albert Bandura.
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