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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the nature of imperfect proof?

It refers to any type of evidence, including informal forms. (correct)

It is always more formal than signed writing.

It is a form of proof that guarantees a specific judicial outcome.

It is a type of proof that is not accepted in legal matters.

Under what circumstances can imperfect proof be utilized for legal acts?

When the parties involved are not professionals.

When there is always a written form available.

When the amount is below 1500€. (correct)

For all contracts regardless of value.

What is the judge's obligation regarding imperfect proof?

To require additional formal proof before consideration.

To disregard it completely in legal proceedings.

To evaluate its relevance and assign weight as deemed appropriate. (correct)

To accept it as full evidence without questioning.

Which of the following is NOT an example of imperfect proof?

A notarized document. Signup and view all the answers

What happens when imperfect proof is presented to the court?

It may influence the judge's decision, but is not mandatory. Signup and view all the answers

What type of proof is required for a legal act according to the summary?

Conclusive proof or perfect proof Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples qualifies as incomplete written proof for a legal fact?

A text message Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of proof from a legal act on a judge's decision?

Binds the judge to the legal agreement Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario would warrant the use of incomplete written proof for a legal fact?

Loss of writing due to force majeure Signup and view all the answers

How much discretion does a judge have in weighing elements of proof for a legal fact?

A wide margin of discretion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition under which extra-contractual liability is established?

A legal fact causing damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes contractual liability?

Responsibility stemming from a binding contract Signup and view all the answers

In what situation can a party be forced to perform contractual obligations?

Upon the invocation of a legal injunction Signup and view all the answers

What type of proof is generally accepted to establish partial liability for extra-contractual obligations?

Partial/imperfect proof including fault and causation Signup and view all the answers

What legal principle mandates that a wrongdoer must repair damages caused by their actions?

Principle of extra-contractual liability Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential remedy for breach of contractual obligations?

Granting immunity from all damages Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the legal link in an obligation?

It establishes a relationship where one party owes a debt to another. Signup and view all the answers

What type of proof is considered conclusive in establishing liability?

Signed contracts as perfect proof Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a means of proving obligations from legal acts according to the content?

An email from a third party not related to the obligation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best differentiates civil contractual liability from civil extra-contractual liability?

Extra-contractual liability can be based on actions of others Signup and view all the answers

What is conclusive proof in the context of obligations?

Original contractual document or corroborated incomplete written proof. Signup and view all the answers

When are incomplete written proofs considered as perfect proof?

When they are supported by additional corroborating proof. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what must a creditor do to claim an obligation has not been fulfilled?

Prove the existence of the obligation and non-fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of Article 1100 of the Civil Code?

It outlines the origins of obligations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about incomplete written proof is incorrect?

It is inherently stronger than conclusive proof. Signup and view all the answers

Which party is referred to as the creditor in an obligation?

The party who is owed a debt. Signup and view all the answers

What does imperfect proof allow parties to utilize in legal settings?

Any method of proof without formality Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would imperfect proof be suitable according to the content?

Proof of obligations from destruction due to natural disasters Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of imperfect proof when presented in court?

Judges have discretion in weighing its significance Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options correctly represents a form of imperfect proof?

Testimony from a witness or party involved Signup and view all the answers

Under what condition can a legal act utilize imperfect proof?

In situations of moral or material impossibility for writing Signup and view all the answers

What type of proof binds the judge to the agreed terms in a legal act?

Conclusive proof Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a legal fact not bind the judge?

Testimony from a witness Signup and view all the answers

What type of evidence might be considered alongside incomplete written proof in a legal fact?

Corroborating evidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly reflects on the judge's discretion regarding incomplete written proof?

The judge has a wide margin of discretion in evaluating elements. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples would typically be classified as incomplete written proof?

A signed agreement lacking essential details Signup and view all the answers

What role does a creditor play in an obligation?

They are the party who is owed the debt. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is required to establish a conclusive proof for legal acts over €1500?

Original contractual document signed by hand. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of incomplete written proof in the context of obligations?

It may not stand alone but can become perfect if corroborated. Signup and view all the answers

According to Article 1100 of the Civil Code, obligations can originate from which of the following?

Legal facts, legal acts, or the law itself. Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes conclusive proof for obligations if the original document is not available?

Incomplete written proof and any supporting evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What must a creditor provide to prove an obligation has not been fulfilled?

Proof of both the obligation's existence and its non-fulfillment. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents an example of incomplete written proof?

A signed contract missing key clauses. Signup and view all the answers

What happens if conclusive proof is presented in court?

The judge must accept its contents. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a situation of contractual liability?

A binding contract is either not fulfilled or improperly fulfilled. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the conditions for extra-contractual liability?

A person must repair damages if they commit a fault themselves or through their responsibility. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an element required for establishing extra-contractual liability?

The presence of a written contract. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about imperfect proof is accurate?

Imperfect proof can include evidence of fault, prejudice, and causation. Signup and view all the answers

In the event of breach of contract, what is a potential civil remedy available?

Requesting a lower price or damages based on the breach. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary connection established by extra-contractual liability?

Direct damages caused by actionable faults of a person. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of proof is classified as conclusive in the context of obligations?

Signed documentation that verifies the contract's existence. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following options describes the consequence of failing to fulfill an obligation?

The breaching party may face a court injunction or damages. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

What is an Obligation?

An obligation is a legal link between two or more people (A. Benabent).
When an obligation is created, one person becomes the creditor, and the other becomes the debtor.
Creditor: the party who is owed a debt.
Debtor: the party who owes a debt.

Origin of Obligations

Obligations originate from legal acts, legal facts, or the law itself (Article 1100 of the Civil Code).
To claim an obligation has not been fulfilled/executed, first prove it exists, then prove it hasn't been fulfilled.
The creditor can then demand its rightful execution.

Proof of Obligations Originating from Legal Acts

Conclusive/perfect proof required for legal acts >€1500.
Conclusive proof includes: original contractual document signed by hand or electronically, or incomplete written proof + corroborating proof.
Conclusive proof binds the judge to the contents of the legal act.

Focus on Incomplete Written Proof

Any writing redacted by the person contesting the act, making the obligation more likely, can be considered incomplete written proof.
Incomplete written proof can become perfect/conclusive proof if corroborated by another piece of evidence.
Examples of incomplete written proof include copies of a contract, emails, or documents lacking mandatory clauses.

Proof of Obligations Originating from Legal Facts

Imperfect proof / any means possible of proving legal acts and legal facts.
Proof required can be any type of proof, including incomplete written proof, testimony, emails, photocopies, text messages, confessions, and presumptions.
Imperfect proof does not bind the judge.
For legal acts under €1500 or contracts between professionals, or situations with moral/material impossibility of writing, or contract destruction/loss due to force majeure, imperfect proof can be used.

Summary Table of Elements of Proof

Origin of Obligation	Type of Proof Required	Examples	Effect
Legal act	Conclusive/perfect proof	Original writing; Electronic writing	Binds the judge; Judge cannot go against what's agreed.
Legal fact or Legal act (€<1500; between professionals; impossibility of writing; destruction/loss due to force majeure)	Incomplete written proof (imperfect proof)	Testimony; Emails; Texts; Social media posts; Photocopies; Presumptions; Confessions	Does not bind the judge; Judge weighs elements of proof.

In Other Words...

If an obligation isn't fulfilled, a party can seek reparation based on contractual or extra-contractual liability.
Contractual liability requires a contract, proving fault (lack of performance), prejudice, and causation.
Extra-contractual liability involves a fault, prejudice, and direct causal link, even without intent.
Exceptions exist for certain legal acts where imperfect proof is acceptable.

Distinguishing Civil Liabilities (Contractual vs. Extra-Contractual)

Civil contractual liability arises from a contract.
- Requires fault (contract breach).
- Requires prejudice (moral/material/physical).
- Requires causation (link between fault and prejudice).
Civil extra-contractual liability arises outside of a contract.
- Requires fault.
- Requires prejudice.
- Requires causation.

Extra-Contractual Liability - Definition

Obligations are created by faults committed by oneself or others under one's responsibility.
The wrongdoer must repair damages their actions cause (Art 1240 civ. Code).

Extra-Contractual Liability - Conditions

Fault/Action: Any event causing prejudice to another (e.g., accident, assault).
Prejudice/Damage: Moral, material, and/or physical damages (e.g., emotional distress, property damage, physical injury).
Direct Causal Link: The fault must directly cause the damage.

Extra-Contractual Liability - Exonerating Causes

Force Majeure: Unpredictable events.
Contributory action of the victim: Prejudice caused entirely or partially by the victim.
Fault of a third party: Prejudice caused by a third party.

Contractual Liability - Definition

Contractual liability is the responsibility of a person to fulfill a binding contract.
In case of a breach (fault), the breacher can be forced to perform the obligation, or compensate the other party.

Contractual Liability - Pre-existing Condition (The Contract)

Contractual liability is only established if a contract exists.
A contract is a "concurrence of wills" of two or more people (Art 1101 civ. Code).

Contractual Liability - Conditions

Fault: Lack of or poor contract performance.
Prejudice: Moral, material, and/or physical damage.
Causation: Link between fault and prejudice.

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Description

Explore the concept of obligations in civil law through this quiz. Understand the roles of creditors and debtors, the origins of obligations, and the proof required for fulfilling legal acts. Test your knowledge of legal terms and the criteria necessary for enforcing obligations.

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