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What is another name for the disease caused by Treponema pallidum?
What is another name for the disease caused by Treponema pallidum?
Syphilis
What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?
What is the primary mode of transmission for syphilis?
Sexual transmission
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Treponema pallidum?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Treponema pallidum?
What are the three stages of syphilis?
What are the three stages of syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum is a saprophytic bacteria.
Treponema pallidum is a saprophytic bacteria.
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What is the name of the genus that causes relapsing fever?
What is the name of the genus that causes relapsing fever?
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How is relapsing fever transmitted?
How is relapsing fever transmitted?
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Relapsing fever is a chronic disease.
Relapsing fever is a chronic disease.
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What is the name of the species of Leptospira that causes leptospirosis?
What is the name of the species of Leptospira that causes leptospirosis?
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Leptospirosis is only transmitted through direct contact with infected animals.
Leptospirosis is only transmitted through direct contact with infected animals.
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What are the primary symptoms of leptospirosis?
What are the primary symptoms of leptospirosis?
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Leptospirosis can cause meningitis.
Leptospirosis can cause meningitis.
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What is the name of the genus that causes Q-fever?
What is the name of the genus that causes Q-fever?
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Q-fever can be transmitted through an arthropod vector.
Q-fever can be transmitted through an arthropod vector.
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What is the hallmark symptom of Q-fever?
What is the hallmark symptom of Q-fever?
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The bacteria that causes typhus fever is a fast-growing organism.
The bacteria that causes typhus fever is a fast-growing organism.
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How is typhus fever transmitted?
How is typhus fever transmitted?
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Typhus fever is a mild disease.
Typhus fever is a mild disease.
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What is the hallmark symptom of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
What is the hallmark symptom of Rocky Mountain spotted fever?
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The rash that develops with Rocky Mountain spotted fever is limited to the extremities.
The rash that develops with Rocky Mountain spotted fever is limited to the extremities.
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How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever acquired?
How is Rocky Mountain spotted fever acquired?
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Mycoplasma are the smallest organisms known to reproduce independently.
Mycoplasma are the smallest organisms known to reproduce independently.
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Mycoplasma infections typically respond well to traditional antibiotics.
Mycoplasma infections typically respond well to traditional antibiotics.
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What is the most common symptom of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
What is the most common symptom of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?
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What is the name of the infection caused by Mycoplasma genitalium in males?
What is the name of the infection caused by Mycoplasma genitalium in males?
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Mycoplasma hominis infects both males and females.
Mycoplasma hominis infects both males and females.
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Rickettsia?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Rickettsia?
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Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites.
Rickettsia are obligate intracellular parasites.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of Rickettsia?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Rickettsia?
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What is the most common disease caused by Rickettsia?
What is the most common disease caused by Rickettsia?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for Chlamydia?
What is the primary mode of transmission for Chlamydia?
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Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites.
Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites.
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Chlamydia can be treated with penicillin.
Chlamydia can be treated with penicillin.
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Chlamydia are unique because they have their own distinctive life cycle. What are the two stages of this cycle?
Chlamydia are unique because they have their own distinctive life cycle. What are the two stages of this cycle?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by a Chlamydia species?
Which of the following diseases is caused by a Chlamydia species?
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What is the name of the disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
What is the name of the disease caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
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Mycoses are diseases caused by fungi.
Mycoses are diseases caused by fungi.
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What are the three genera of dermatophytes?
What are the three genera of dermatophytes?
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Dermatophytes are dimorphic organisms.
Dermatophytes are dimorphic organisms.
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What is the most common site of infection for Trichophyton?
What is the most common site of infection for Trichophyton?
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Candidiasis is only a superficial infection.
Candidiasis is only a superficial infection.
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What is the primary causative agent of candidiasis?
What is the primary causative agent of candidiasis?
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Cryptococcus neoformans is a dimorphic fungus.
Cryptococcus neoformans is a dimorphic fungus.
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What is the most common mode of transmission for Cryptococcus neoformans?
What is the most common mode of transmission for Cryptococcus neoformans?
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Aspergillosis is a common, mild respiratory infection.
Aspergillosis is a common, mild respiratory infection.
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What is the most common species of Aspergillus that causes aspergillosis?
What is the most common species of Aspergillus that causes aspergillosis?
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Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease.
Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease.
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Study Notes
Obligate Intracellular Bacteria
- Obligate intracellular bacteria are bacteria that require a host cell for survival and reproduction.
- They cannot grow outside of a host cell.
- The presentation covers three genera: Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira.
Treponema
- Treponema pallidum is a species of bacteria.
- It is characterized by being thin, filamentous, and motile.
- It is not stained by ordinary stains.
- It is seen with dark-field microscopy.
- It has an external envelope, cytoplasm cytoplasmic membrane, and fibrils.
- Saprophytic Treponemes are cultivable, anaerobic, and require blood serum albumin, pyruvate, or volatile fatty acids.
- Pathogenic Treponemes cannot be grown in vitro.
- They can survive in media that contain BSA, pyruvate, and albumin for multiple days, in anaerobic conditions.
- Treponema pallidum causes syphilis.
- Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease.
- Three stages of syphilis: primary, secondary, and tertiary
Borrelia
- Borrelia recurrentis causes relapsing fever.
- It is a spiral, microaerophilic bacteria.
- It is stained with aniline dyes.
- Transmission occurs through louse bites.
- The pathogen enters the blood and creates lesions in the spleen, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.
- Relapsing fever is characterized by periods of fever followed by asymptomatic intervals.
- Antigenic variation is a factor in the relapsing nature of the disease.
- Diagnosis employs blood samples, dark-field microscopy, and animal inoculation.
- Laboratory report only confirms Borrelia presence in blood or inoculated animals.
Leptospira
- Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae is a species of bacteria.
- It is characterized by being spiral, hooked at one or both ends, and motile.
- It causes leptospirosis, which is an infectious disease with jaundice.
- Transmission is primarily through infected animal urine.
- The pathogen enters the blood, invades various organs (kidney, liver, and meninges).
- Occupational diseases prevail in mine laborers, sewage workers, and agricultural workers exposed to infected animal urine or reservoir.
- Symptoms include muscle pain, fever, chills, and may lead to jaundice or meningitis.
- Treatment is through tetracycline, erythromycin, or penicillin.
Mycoplasma, Rickettsiae, and Chlamydiae
- These are cell wall-deficient bacteria with varied characteristics and roles.
Mycoplasma
- Mycoplasma is the smallest known bacterium, capable of growth and reproduction outside a host.
- It has a pleomorphic shape, lacking a rigid cell wall and utilizing instead a 3-layered membrane with sterols
- It passes through bacterial filters.
- It typically forms colonies that resemble "fried eggs".
- A notable representative is Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which is the causative agent for primary atypical pneumonia (PAP).
- It has specific receptors that facilitate attachments to host cells for pathogenesis.
- This bacterium produces hydrogen peroxide, resulting in the destruction of the tracheal cells to trigger inflammation.
- Diagnosis is made through sputum examinations (culture on E-agar with penicillin), microscopy (scant, non-purulent sputum), serology, and CFT or PCR.
- Treatment involves azithromycin, doxycycline, and levofloxacin.
Rickettsiae
- Rickettsiae are obligate intracellular bacteria, not grown in artificial culture media.
- They require growth factors from the host and are transmitted by arthropods.
- They multiply within host cells.
- Key diseases include typhus fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and Q fever.
- Diagnosis involves various laboratory tests like Weil-Felix, CFT, and microagglutination.
- Treatment mainly uses doxycycline, but chloramphenicol is also used.
Chlamydiae
- Chlamydiae are characterized by being Gram-negative, non-motile, and obligate intracellular bacteria.
- These bacteria are also energy parasites, depending on host ATP and NAD+.
- The presentation highlights various forms and diseases associated with different serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis, including the infections: Psittacosis (ornithosis), Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), Trachoma, and Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV).
- Diagnosis and treatment are differentiated for specific subtypes, utilizing techniques like culture, microscopy, and serological testing.
- Treatment often involves antibiotics like doxycycline.
Medical Mycology
- Medical Mycology is the study of fungi that affect humans.
- Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (filamentous).
- Mycoses are fungal infections categorized by their location (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic).
- The presentation details dermatophytes, subcutaneous mycoses, and systemic mycoses with examples, including: Sporotrichosis, Mycetoma, Coccidioidomycosis, Histoplasmosis.
Miscellaneous Fastidious Gram-Negative Rods
- The presentation covers Brucella species, which are zoonotic pathogens.
- Brucella species are transmitted through ingestion of contaminated milk or meat, contact with infected animal fluids or tissues, or inhalation of contaminated aerosols or dust.
- Pathogenesis involves intracellular replication through granulomas, causing diseases such as Brucellosis.
- Treatment typically involves doxycycline and rifampin.
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Description
This quiz delves into obligate intracellular bacteria, focusing on genera such as Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira. Key characteristics, life cycles, and the disease caused by Treponema pallidum, including the stages of syphilis, are covered in detail. Test your knowledge on these essential microbiological topics.
