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Questions and Answers
What type of cell division do Reticulate Bodies (RB) undergo within host cells?
How are Elementary Bodies (EB) characterized in terms of their metabolic activity?
What is the preferred staining technique for better visualization of the structure mentioned?
What role does the host cell play in the process involving Reticulate Bodies (RB)?
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What is the morphology of the cells discussed in the content?
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Which of the following correctly classifies the species of Chlamydia?
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What is a characteristic feature of Chlamydia species?
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What is the function of Elementary Bodies (EB) in the life cycle of Chlamydia?
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Chlamydia's inability to synthesize ATP means that it relies on what for energy?
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Which statement about Chlamydia's reproduction is accurate?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for psittacosis to humans?
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What is the recommended drug of choice for treating psittacosis?
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Which laboratory method is commonly used to diagnose infections caused by C. pneumoniae?
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What type of symptoms can psittacosis cause in humans?
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Which of the following statements about C. pneumoniae is incorrect?
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What percentage of infected women with genital C.trachomatis infection are typically asymptomatic?
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Which of the following is NOT a complication of chlamydial infections?
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What is the primary stage of Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) characterized by?
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Which specimen is NOT typically used for the laboratory diagnosis of genital chlamydial infection?
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Which treatment is NOT recommended for genital C.trachomatis infections?
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What is a common method for the diagnosis of chlamydial infections that can provide test results in 24 hours?
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Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) is caused by which serovars of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Which of the following is a preventative measure for chlamydial infections in newborns?
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Which serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are responsible for causing trachoma?
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What is a common clinical feature of trachoma?
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What is the primary mode of transmission for trachoma?
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Which of the following diseases is caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae?
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What type of infections are associated with serotypes D-K of Chlamydia trachomatis?
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Which condition represents chronic kerato-conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
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What is the approximate incubation period for trachoma?
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Which serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis are linked with Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?
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Study Notes
Classification
- Chlamydiae are a phylum of bacteria, containing the class Chlamydiae, order Chlamydiale, family Chlamydiacae, and genus Chlamydia.
- Chlamydia includes the species: C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae.
Introduction
- Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular pathogens, meaning they can only survive and reproduce inside living cells.
- They are small, round to oval cells, once believed to be large viruses.
- They have a rigid cell wall lacking peptidoglycan, similar to Gram-negative bacteria.
- They contain DNA and RNA.
- They are susceptible to some antibacterial agents, such as tetracyclines and erythromycin.
- They lack energy machinery for independent existence: they cannot synthesize ATP or oxidize NADH.
- They reproduce through a replicative cycle followed by binary fission.
- Most species produce heat-labile toxins.
Morphology
- Chlamydiae are highly pleomorphic, meaning they can have different shapes and sizes.
- They are small, round to oval cells.
- They can be visualized using electron microscopy with Giemsa stain, but are best visualized with iodine stain, appearing brown in color.
- They are identified by their characteristic inclusion bodies within the host cell.
- They can be cultured in the laboratory in the yolk sac of chicken eggs.
Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
-
Ocular infections:
- Trachoma: caused by serotypes A, B, and C, leading to chronic keratoconjunctivitis, a common cause of preventable blindness worldwide.
- Inclusion conjunctivitis: caused by serotypes D-K, resulting in an acute, suppurative disease of the conjunctiva.
-
Genital infections:
- Caused by serotypes D-K, leading to Non-Gonococcal Urethritis (NGU), cervicitis, epididymitis, salpingitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), proctitis, pharyngitis, Reiter's syndrome, subfertility, and infertility.
- LGV (Lymphogranuloma Venereum): caused by serotypes L1-L3, resulting in an invasive, systemic infection that progresses in three stages.
Chlamydia psittaci
- Naturally infects birds, particularly psittacine birds like parrots and pigeons.
- Transmission to humans occurs through inhalation of bacteria from bird droppings.
- Causes a zoonotic disease of the lower respiratory tract called psittacosis (ornithosis), ranging from subclinical to lethal pneumonia and meningo-pneumonitis.
- It is an occupational disease for those handling poultry.
Chlamydia pneumoniae
- Very common worldwide, with 30-50% of people having antibodies to C. pneumoniae.
- Airborne transmission.
- Most infections are asymptomatic.
- Causes various respiratory infections, including atypical pneumonia, bronchitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, and exacerbations of asthma.
Diagnosis
- Clinical diagnosis based on patient history and symptoms.
- Laboratory diagnosis involves collecting specimens like urine, swabs, aspirates, and scrapings.
- Urine tests are available within 24 hours.
- Culture in McCoy cells takes 3 days or more.
- Tests include DFA (Direct Fluorescent Antibody) and Enzyme Immunoassay.
Treatment
- Early detection and treatment are essential.
- Medications include tetracycline, doxycycline, minocycline, erythromycin, and azithromycin.
Prevention and Control
- Routine prophylactic eye drops for newborns.
- Oral tetracycline or sulfonamides.
- Personal and family hygiene.
- Population surveys and establishment of trachoma clinics.
Complications
- Complications include HIV/AIDS, PID, subfertility, and infertility.
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Description
Explore the unique characteristics of Chlamydiae, a phylum of bacteria that are obligate intracellular pathogens. This quiz covers their classification, morphology, and reproductive processes. Test your knowledge on the distinct features that differentiate Chlamydiae from other bacteria.
