126 Questions
What is a characteristic of viruses?
They are obligate intracellular parasites
When do clinical symptoms typically appear in viral diseases?
Late in the course of the disease
What is the nature of antiviral drugs?
Virustatic
Which virus infects only people?
Influenza B virus
What are the surface proteins of Influenza A virus used for?
Attachment and viral release
What is the preferred approach for dealing with viral respiratory tract infections according to the text?
Immunization
What is the mechanism of action of neuraminidase inhibitors?
Inhibiting the release of new virions
How are Oseltamivir and Zanamivir mainly excreted from the body?
Excretion through the urine
What is the preferred route of administration for Zanamivir?
Inhalation
What are the adverse effects of Oseltamivir?
Nausea and vomiting
What adverse effect is associated with Zanamivir?
Respiratory discomfort
What leads to resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors?
Mutations of the neuraminidase enzyme
Nausea and vomiting associated with Oseltamivir can be minimized by taking it on an empty stomach.
False
Zanamivir may cause respiratory discomfort, especially in patients with airway diseases.
True
Mutations in the neuraminidase enzyme can lead to resistance to both Oseltamivir and Zanamivir.
True
What is the mechanism of action of adamantane antivirals?
Block M2 proton ion channel to prevent viral uncoating
When is the administration of adamantane antivirals most effective against Influenza A viruses?
A+C
How is Amantadine excreted from the body?
Excreted unchanged in the urine
What is the primary use of Ribavirin?
Treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis or pneumonia in children and infants
Which type of viruses is Ribavirin active against?
Both RNA and DNA viruses
In addition to RSV infections, what other virus can Ribavirin be effective against when combined with other medications?
Hepatitis C virus
Ribavirin is active against both RNA and DNA viruses.
True
Ribavirin can be used for the treatment of severe RSV bronchiolitis or pneumonia in children and infants.
True
What is the primary route of excretion for ribavirin and its metabolites?
Urine
How does ribavirin inhibit the replication of RNA and DNA viruses?
A+B
What is the preferred route of administration for ribavirin in the treatment of RSV infection?
Aerosolized via nebulizer
What is a contraindication for the use of ribavirin?
Pregnant patients
What adverse effect may aerosolized ribavirin cause?
Conjunctival or bronchial irritation
What adverse effect is dose dependent and transient when using ribavirin?
Anemia
Which hepatitis virus is an RNA virus?
Hepatitis C
Which is the following correct goal of chronic HBV therapy expect?
Suppression of HBV DNA to undetectable levels
What is the primary use of interferon alpha as mentioned in the text?
Treatment of HBV and HCV infections
What is the result of interferon alpha's binding to specific cell membrane receptors?
All of the above
Why is the use of interferon alpha uncommon, according to the text?
More effective and better tolerability agents available
How is Lamivudine activated within the host cell?
Via phosphorylation by host cell kinases
What limits the chronic therapy of Lamivudine?
Emergence of Lamivudine resistant HBV
Ribavirin is primarily used for the treatment of HIV infections.
False
Chronic therapy with Lamivudine is limited due to the emergence of Lamivudine resistant HBV.
True
What is the primary use of adefovir?
Inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase
Adefovir dipivoxil is a prodrug of Adefovir.
True
Ribavirin is primarily used for the treatment of HCV infections.
False
Zanamivir may cause respiratory discomfort, especially in patients with airway diseases.
True
Adefovir is primarily excreted in the urine. True or False?
True
Ribavirin is effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. True or False?
True
Lamivudine is limited in chronic therapy due to the emergence of Lamivudine resistant HBV. True or False?
True
What is the primary reason for the limited chronic therapy of Lamivudine?
Emergence of Lamivudine resistant HBV
What effect does Entecavir have on HIV?
B+D
Entecavir is activated by host cell kinases into triphosphate form. True or False?
True
Adefovir is primarily excreted in the urine. True or False?
True
Ribavirin is effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. True or False?
True
Entecavir is excreted primarily in the urine. True or False?
True
Adverse effects of Entecavir include headache, fatigue, and dizziness. True or False?
True
Ribavirin is effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. True or False?
True
Which adverse effect is commonly associated with Tenofovir?
Nausea
What is the primary route of excretion for Tenofovir and its metabolites?
Urine
What is the mechanism of action of Tenofovir against HBV?
Inhibition of HBV DNA polymerase
Tenofovir is activated by host cell kinases to diphosphate form. True or False?
True
Entecavir is primarily excreted in the urine. True or False?
False
Ribavirin is effective against both RNA and DNA viruses. True or False?
True
What is the primary route of administration for Telbivudine in the treatment of HBV?
Oral administration
What is the mechanism of action of Telbivudine against HBV?
Inhibits HBV DNA polymerase
What is the primary route of administration for Telbivudine in the treatment of HBV?
Oral
What is the primary adverse effect associated with Telbivudine?
Nausea and vomiting
What is the primary target of drugs used to treat Hepatitis C?
HCV RNA protease
What is the mechanism of action of antiviral drugs targeting HCV RNA polymerase?
Cleavage of polyprotein by proteases
How is Sofosbuvir activated within the host cell?
By host cell kinases to triphosphate form
Which medication is often combined with Sofosbuvir in the treatment of Hepatitis C?
Ribavirin and peginterferon alfa
What is the route of elimination for Sofosbuvir from the body?
Urinary excretion
What is the mechanism of action of Dasa buvir?
Inhibits HCV NS 5 B RNA dependent RNA polymerase
What is the primary route of excretion for Entecavir and its metabolites?
Urine
What is the characteristic of Adefovir's excretion from the body?
Primarily excreted in the urine
How are NS34A serine protease inhibitors administered in the treatment of Hepatitis C?
Orally
NS34A serine protease inhibitors prevent HCV RNA replication. True or False?
True
Ribavirin is administered with NS34A protease inhibitors. True or False?
True
NS5A replication complex inhibitors are metabolized by CYP 450 isoenzymes. True or False?
True
Ribavirin is primarily used for the treatment of HIV infections. True or False?
False
Which phase of viral infections are HSV and VZV antiviral drugs effective against?
Acute phase
What diseases are caused by HSV and VZV infections?
Cold sores and shingles
Which condition is NOT treated using antiviral drugs according to the text?
Common cold
Which virus infections are Acyclovir active against?
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV)
What is the primary route of excretion for Entecavir and its metabolites?
Urine
What is the mechanism of action of NS34A serine protease inhibitors used in the treatment of Hepatitis C?
Prevent HCV RNA replication
Which viruses are Acyclovir active against?
HSV and VZV
How does Acyclovir act in infected cells?
It selectively acts only in infected cells
What is the primary route of administration for Acyclovir?
Oral
Acyclovir is active against HSV 1, HSV 2, and VZV?
True
Acyclovir is primarily excreted in the urine?
True
Ribavirin is primarily used for the treatment of HIV infections?
False
What is the primary route of administration for topical Acyclovir in the treatment of cold sores?
Topical application to affected area
Which type of infections is Acyclovir most effective against?
Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections
What is the primary route of excretion for Acyclovir and its metabolites?
Renal excretion
What adverse effects are associated with the intravenous route of Acyclovir administration?
Reversible renal toxicity and neurologic effects
What is the primary cause of resistance to Acyclovir in HSV or VZV infections?
Alterations in viral thymidine kinase
Which of the following is True adverse effect is commonly associated with the oral administration of Acyclovir ecxept?
Local irritation
How is Valacyclovir primarily converted in the body after oral administration?
Into acyclovir
What type of infections are Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir primarily used for?
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections
What is the primary route of administration for Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir?
Intravenous (IV) and intravitreal
Valacyclovir is rapidly converted into acyclovir after oral administration.
True
Ganciclovir/Valganciclovir have a similar mechanism of action as acyclovir/valacyclovir.
True
Ribavirin is primarily used for the treatment of HIV infections.
False
What is the primary target of antiretroviral agents in the treatment of HIV infection?
A + B
What is the main cause of immunosuppression in patients with HIV infection?
Decreased CD4 cell count
Which of the following is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in the initial therapy for HIV infection?
Didanosine
How are NRTIs activated within the host cell?
Activated to the triphosphate form by host cell kinases
Tenofovir is activated to the triphosphate form by host cell kinases. True or False?
True
NRTIs have low affinity to host cell DNA polymerase. True or False?
False
NRTIs are primarily excreted renally, except for abacavir which is hepatically eliminated. True or False?
True
Abacavir hypersensitivity can present with fever, fatigue, rash, GI disturbances, and respiratory distress. True or False?
True
Toxicities due to inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma include lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis and lipodystrophy. True or False?
True
What is the primary route of administration for Abacavir?
Oral
Which adverse effect is associated with NRTIs due to inhibition of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma?
Lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis
What is the primary route of excretion for zidovudine and most NRTIs?
Renal
Which of the following is a common adverse effect associated with Abacavir?
A+B
What is the primary route of administration for Tenofovir in its treatment of HIV infection?
Oral administration
NRTIs can cause lactic acidosis with hepatic steatosis and lipodystrophy. True or False?
True
Which of the following is NOT a recommended NNRTI in initial antiretroviral regimens?
Ribavirin
What is the 2nd generation NNRTI active against HIV strains resistant to 1st generation NNRTIs?
Etravirine
Which NNRTI is specifically recommended for patients with swallowing difficulty due to its small tablet form?
Rilpivirine
What is the primary mechanism of action of NNRTIs and PIs in the treatment of HIV infection?
Reversible inhibition of HIV aspartyl protease retropepsin
What is the main requirement for boosting the bioavailability of PIs in combination therapy?
Potent inhibitors of CYP 3A isoenzymes
Which antiretroviral drug blocks the CCR5 coreceptor to prevent HIV entry?
Maraviroc
What adverse effect is associated with the SC injection of Enfuvirtide?
Pain, erythema, and induration
Which antiretroviral drug binds to the viral gp41 and is required for entry into CD4 cells?
Enfuvirtide
Which class of antiretroviral drugs inhibits the insertion of proviral DNA into the host cell genome?
Integrase inhibitors
Which adverse effects are commonly associated with the use of Integrase inhibitors?
Nausea and diarrhea
How is Tenofovir primarily excreted from the body?
Renally
Test your knowledge of viruses as obligate intracellular parasites with no cell wall, cell membrane, or organelles, and clinical symptoms appearing late in the course of the disease. Explore antiviral drugs as virustatic agents and their potential use as prophylactic agents.
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