OB/GYN Test 1 Study Guide

Count from the first day of your period and continue for fourteen days. Days fourteen through twenty-four are considered fertile days. Avoid intercourse during these days.

Taking your temperature at the same time every morning before getting out of bed. Ovulation is represented by a sharp dip in temperature followed by a spike.

Monitor your cervical mucous and abstain from intercourse on the days that it is more "egg white" in nature.

<p>Never use both at the same time. (A), Barrier (B), Inconsistent use is an issue. (C), The only contraceptive method that protects against STIs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cervical sponge is a barrier method of contraception that is rarely used. It is single-use and a more expensive option.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A cervical cap is a barrier method of contraception that must be fitted. The use of spermicide increases its effectiveness. It must be left in place for at least six hours but no longer than forty-eight hours after intercourse. It is not to be used during menstruation. There is a risk of toxic shock syndrome and other birth control should be used during menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A diaphragm is a barrier method of contraception that must be fitted and annually reevaluated. Reevaluation is recommended after weight loss or gain, childbirth, or a surgical procedure. It can be placed up to six hours prior to intercourse. One must empty their bladder prior to placement. It requires the use of spermicide (2 teaspoons) to be most effective. Finally, it should be left in for six hours but no more than twenty-four hours after intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combined oral contraceptives suppress ovulation and thicken the cervical mucus, all while thinning the lining of the uterus. A possible side effect is a risk of developing a Deep Vein Thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral progestins do not contain estrogen, so they do not prevent ovulation. They do, however, thicken cervical mucous and thin the uterine lining, making it harder for sperm to reach the egg. The are considered safe for breastfeeding mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take the missed pill as soon as possible, and ensure that you take the next pill at its regularly scheduled time. A backup method is not needed in this situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Take two pills a day for two days, then finish the package in the normal manner. Use a backup method of birth control for seven days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If you are using a Sunday starter pack, take one pill each day until Sunday and then start a new pack. Use a backup method of birth control for seven days. If you are using a day one pack, throw away the rest of that pack and start a new pack on that same day. Use a backup method for seven days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If you are a Sunday starter, take one pill each day until Sunday and then start a new pack. Use a backup method of birth control for seven days. If you are starting on day one, throw away the rest of that pack and start a new pack on the same day. Use a backup method of birth control for seven days.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The patch is a transdermal contraceptive system that is applied to the lower abdomen, upper outer arm, buttocks, or upper torso (excluding the breasts). It is recommended for women who weigh 198 lbs or less. It is applied once a week for three weeks, and then there is a week with no patch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DepoProvera is an injectable progestin that is given for the first five days of the menstrual cycle, and then once again every eleven to thirteen weeks. It is the only method of contraception that can inhibit pregnancy for twelve to eighteen months after stopping. It is a good option for teenagers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vaginal contraceptive ring is inserted for three weeks. It releases hormones to stop ovulation. It is removed for one week.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nexplanon is an implantable progestin device. It is inserted under the skin of the arm. It is effective for at least three years. It is a good option for teenagers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An IUD is a constant form of contraception from an intrauterine device (hormonal and nonhormonal options). It impairs sperm motility and irritates the lining of the uterus, all while thinning the endometrium. Hormonal types will thicken the cervical mucous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasectomy is a ligation and severance of the vas deferens that is a safe and simple procedure. It does not impair a man's sexual function. Reversal is possible but doesn't offer immediate contraception. It does not protect against STIs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salpingectomy is tying or removal of the female fallopian tubes. It is a reversible procedure and does not affect a woman's sexual function. It is a procedure to reduce the risk of ectopic pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chlamydia is the most frequently reported disease in the United States. It is curable and is often asymptomatic, although some may experience cervicitis and yellow foul discharge. If untreated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and can cause blindness in the newborn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported bacterial STI. Often, it is coinfected with chlamydia. It might be asymptomatic or have symptoms like a strawberry colored cervix, cervicitis, and a greenish-yellow discharge. Gonorrhea is curable with antibiotic treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasitic STI. Symptoms typically start between five and twenty-eight days after exposure and include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain during sex. It is curable. Trichomonas vaginalis is diagnosed on a wet mount and 70% of those infected do not have symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HPV is the most common viral infection in the United States and is the cause of nearly all cervical cancer. Low risk types six and eleven cause genital warts, while high risk types cause cancer. There is no cure for HPV. It can be prevented with Gardasil 9, condom use, and abstinence. HPV warts can be treated but tend to come back.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hepatitis B is an STI that is transmitted through blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal secretions. This can lead to liver damage. It is preventable through immunization and there is no cure. Risk factors include having multiple sexual partners, unprotected anal intercourse, or having other STIs. Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin is given to babies of mothers who have Hepatitis B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysmenorrhea is extremely painful menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Menorrhagia is heavy menstrual bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspareunia is painful intercourse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women should start getting mammograms at the age of forty. The recommendation to start earlier (age 35-39) is for women with high risk of breast cancer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Women between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-nine should get a pap smear every three years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Your pap smear should be scheduled two weeks after the first day of your last menstrual period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ultrasound is a test that uses sound waves to visualize the developing fetus. It can be used to assess fetal heartbeat and malformations. It can measure the fetus for accurate dating. It can also provide information about the growth and development of the anatomy of the fetus. Finally, it can give information about the placement of the placenta. It is noninvasive, safe, and cost-effective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chorionic villus sampling is a procedure that is performed between ten and thirteen weeks. It is used to diagnose chromosomal disorders of the fetus. Chorionic cells are taken from the placenta. It cannot detect neural tube defects. If the mother is RH negative, RhoGAM (a medication that prevents certain types of antibodies from forming in the blood) should be given. It can cause spontaneous abortion, hematoma, rupture of membranes, limb abnormalities, infection, fetal-maternal hemorrhage, vaginal bleeding, and cramping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuchal translucency screening measures the fold of the fetal neck. This is used to screen for (but not diagnose) chromosomal abnormalities and structural abnormalities. It is performed between eleven and fourteen weeks. If the nuchal translucency is increased, it may indicate Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome), 18, or 13.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha-fetoprotein analysis (AFP) is a measurement taken by drawing maternal blood between sixteen and eighteen weeks. Elevated AFP can indicate a neural tube defect. Low AFP may indicate Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) or 18. AFP is not a great screening tool because it has a high rate of false positives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marker screening tests are used to identify the fetal risk for Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome), 18 (Edwards Syndrome), and 21 (Down Syndrome). It can also indicate a neural tube defect. These tests are performed between sixteen and eighteen weeks. It can be Triple Screen or Quad Screen, with the Quad Screen being more accurate for down syndrome, particularly in women who are under age thirty-five. Low Inhibin-A, a low unconjugated estriol, and high hCG may indicate Down Syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doppler flow studies measure the velocity of blood flow within the fetus. They are done later in the second trimester, and can be used for moms who have chronic hypertension or preeclampsia. These tests are used as screening tools. They are noninvasive and contraindications are rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniocentesis involves taking a sample of amniotic fluid to examine fetal cells in order to confirm chromosomal abnormalities and neural tube defects. It can also detect metabolic defects. It is performed between fifteen and twenty weeks when testing for genetic abnormalities and between thirty-five weeks to determine fetal lung maturity. This is the riskiest prenatal procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A non-stress test is an indirect measurement of uteroplacental function and fetal well-being. It assesses the fetal heartrate for twenty minutes. It is typically performed after twenty-eight weeks. The mom should lie on her left side to prevent supine hypotension and increase blood flow to the placenta. It is recommended for women who have diabetes, IUGR (Intrauterine Growth Restriction), preeclampsia, are post-date pregnancy, have renal disease, and are pregnant with multiples. When the fetal heart rate accelerates twice by at least fifteen beats per minute, and lasts for fifteen seconds each time, in a twenty minute period, it is considered a reactive test (which is good) A nonreactive (poor) result requires further investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A biophysical profile is a combination of an ultrasound and a non-stress test that is used to assess fetal well-being, helping to reduce stillbirth and early detection of hypoxia. It is typically performed after thirty-two weeks. It is scored using the BATMAN method. A score of eight or ten is considered normal. If the score is six or below, then further investigation is required.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In the third trimester, amniocentesis can be used to determine fetal lung maturity, which helps determine if the baby's lungs are developed enough for a safe delivery. It can also be used to identify signs of infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A presumptive sign of pregnancy can be attributed to other things, such as common symptoms that might be associated with a different illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A probable sign of pregnancy is when there is a strong probability that a woman is pregnant, but there is still the possibility of it being something else.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (J)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (H)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ovaries enlarge until the twelfth to fourteenth week of gestation. At this point, ovulation ceases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (G)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers