Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the appropriate distance for axilla space from the arm pieces on crutches?
What is the appropriate distance for axilla space from the arm pieces on crutches?
What is the recommended elbow flexion angle for a client when walking with crutches?
What is the recommended elbow flexion angle for a client when walking with crutches?
What should a client avoid doing while using crutches?
What should a client avoid doing while using crutches?
What is internal fixation (IF) primarily used for?
What is internal fixation (IF) primarily used for?
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What complication should be monitored after surgery for fractures?
What complication should be monitored after surgery for fractures?
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What dietary changes should be made to promote healing after a fracture?
What dietary changes should be made to promote healing after a fracture?
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Which age group is at higher risk for developing diabetes mellitus?
Which age group is at higher risk for developing diabetes mellitus?
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What is a common cause of death related to pelvis fractures?
What is a common cause of death related to pelvis fractures?
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What is the primary cause of acute blood loss?
What is the primary cause of acute blood loss?
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Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of sickle cell disease?
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of sickle cell disease?
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What is an important part of managing chronic blood loss?
What is an important part of managing chronic blood loss?
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In managing hemolytic anemia, what is the recommended approach for dealing with pain management?
In managing hemolytic anemia, what is the recommended approach for dealing with pain management?
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Why is oxygen therapy important in acute sickle cell crises?
Why is oxygen therapy important in acute sickle cell crises?
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What is a characteristic lab value in Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?
What is a characteristic lab value in Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar State (HHS)?
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What is the immediate nursing intervention for a patient in HHS?
What is the immediate nursing intervention for a patient in HHS?
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Which drug therapy is specifically indicated for type 2 diabetes and helps decrease insulin resistance?
Which drug therapy is specifically indicated for type 2 diabetes and helps decrease insulin resistance?
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What is the primary mechanism of action of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
What is the primary mechanism of action of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors?
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What should a nurse do first if a patient exhibits signs of hypoglycemia?
What should a nurse do first if a patient exhibits signs of hypoglycemia?
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When should α-Glucosidase Inhibitors be taken to maximize their effectiveness?
When should α-Glucosidase Inhibitors be taken to maximize their effectiveness?
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What is the target blood glucose range for initiating oral medications in diabetes management?
What is the target blood glucose range for initiating oral medications in diabetes management?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HHS?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of HHS?
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What is the primary waste product measured in a creatinine clearance test?
What is the primary waste product measured in a creatinine clearance test?
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Which diagnostic test is used to identify the presence of bacteria in urine?
Which diagnostic test is used to identify the presence of bacteria in urine?
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What is the typical range for serum BUN levels in a healthy adult?
What is the typical range for serum BUN levels in a healthy adult?
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Which organism is the most common pathogen in urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
Which organism is the most common pathogen in urinary tract infections (UTIs)?
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What does a nephrologist need to ascertain before administering an IVP due to its nephrotoxic potential?
What does a nephrologist need to ascertain before administering an IVP due to its nephrotoxic potential?
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What type of imaging is considered safer than CT for evaluating the urinary tract?
What type of imaging is considered safer than CT for evaluating the urinary tract?
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What classification of UTI involves systemic symptoms and affects the kidneys and ureters?
What classification of UTI involves systemic symptoms and affects the kidneys and ureters?
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What is the normal creatinine range for females according to the creatinine clearance test?
What is the normal creatinine range for females according to the creatinine clearance test?
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What is the primary goal in the management of hypothyroidism?
What is the primary goal in the management of hypothyroidism?
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Which medication is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism?
Which medication is considered the drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism?
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Which of the following is a sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism?
Which of the following is a sign or symptom of hyperthyroidism?
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What is the significance of monitoring TSH and T4 levels in hypothyroid patients after hormone therapy?
What is the significance of monitoring TSH and T4 levels in hypothyroid patients after hormone therapy?
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In the case of hyperthyroidism, which type of medication is used to inhibit the production of active thyroid hormone?
In the case of hyperthyroidism, which type of medication is used to inhibit the production of active thyroid hormone?
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Which of the following conditions can lead to the requirement for surgical therapy in hyperthyroid patients?
Which of the following conditions can lead to the requirement for surgical therapy in hyperthyroid patients?
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Which lab test result would indicate hyperthyroidism?
Which lab test result would indicate hyperthyroidism?
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What might be a complication of a subtotal thyroidectomy?
What might be a complication of a subtotal thyroidectomy?
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Which sign indicates potential respiratory distress in a patient post-thyroid surgery?
Which sign indicates potential respiratory distress in a patient post-thyroid surgery?
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What common symptom should be monitored in hyperthyroid patients that indicates a hypermetabolic state?
What common symptom should be monitored in hyperthyroid patients that indicates a hypermetabolic state?
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Study Notes
Crutch Use
- Axilla space: Maintain a 2-3 inch distance to avoid nerve damage.
- Elbow flexion: A 30-degree angle is recommended for optimal support and comfort.
- Avoid: Carrying heavy objects, leaning on crutches, or using crutches on uneven surfaces.
Fracture Management
- Internal fixation (IF): Used to stabilize fractures that are difficult to heal or require immediate weight-bearing capacity.
- Post-surgical complications: Monitor closely for infection, delayed union, and nonunion of the fracture.
- Dietary changes for healing: Increase protein intake, vitamin D intake, and calcium intake.
Diabetes Mellitus
- Higher risk group: Older adults are at increased risk for developing diabetes mellitus.
- Pelvis fracture related death: Fat emboli can be a common cause of death following pelvis fractures.
Blood Loss and Anemia
- Acute blood loss: Trauma is a major cause of acute blood loss.
- Sickle cell disease symptoms: Not a common symptom: Numbness
- Managing chronic blood loss: Ensuring adequate iron intake is crucial in managing chronic blood loss.
- Pain management in hemolytic anemia: Focus on pain management strategies, including medication, to reduce discomfort and improve quality of life.
- Oxygen therapy in acute sickle cell crises: Oxygen therapy is vital to improve oxygen delivery to tissues and prevent further damage during crises.
- HHS: Elevated blood glucose levels, high osmolality, and dehydration characterize HHS.
- Immediate nursing intervention for HHS: Initiate fluid resuscitation to correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.
- Type 2 diabetes drug therapy: Metformin is indicated for type 2 diabetes and helps improve insulin sensitivity.
Diabetes Management
- α-Glucosidase Inhibitors: Act by delaying glucose absorption from the intestines.
- Hypoglycemia: Administer a quick-acting form of glucose, such as orange juice or candy.
- α-Glucosidase Inhibitor timing: Take these medications with the first bite of a meal to maximize their effectiveness.
- Oral medication initiation: Initiate oral medications when fasting blood glucose levels exceed a specific target range.
- HHS characteristic: Not a characteristic: Rapid onset of symptoms because HHS typically develops slowly over days or weeks.
Renal Function Tests
- Creatinine clearance test: Measures the filtration rate of creatinine, a waste product.
- Urine culture: Identifies bacteria present in urine.
- BUN levels: Normal range for healthy adults is typically around 10-20 mg/dL.
- Common UTI pathogen: E. coli is the most prevalent organism in UTIs.
- IVP precaution: A nephrologist needs to assess renal function before administering IVP due to its potential nephrotoxic effects.
- Alternative imaging for urinary tract: Ultrasound is safer than CT for evaluating the urinary tract.
- Pyelonephritis: A classification of UTI characterized by systemic symptoms and kidney/ureter involvement.
- Female creatinine clearance: Normal range for females is 85-120 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Thyroid Disorders
- Hypothyroidism management: The primary goal is to restore normal thyroid hormone levels.
- Hypothyroidism treatment: Levothyroxine is the preferred medication for hypothyroidism.
- Hyperthyroidism sign: Increased appetite: This indicates a hypermetabolic state.
- Hypothyroidism monitoring: Monitoring TSH and T4 levels after hormone therapy is crucial to assess therapeutic response and adjust dosage if needed.
- Hyperthyroidism medication: Antithyroid medications, like methimazole, inhibit thyroid hormone production.
- Hyperthyroidism surgery: Surgical therapy may be required in cases of severe hyperthyroidism, complications, or failure of medical management.
- Hyperthyroidism lab indicator: Elevated T4 levels in the presence of suppressed TSH would indicate hyperthyroidism.
- Subtotal thyroidectomy complication: Hypoparathyroidism is a possible complication.
- Respiratory distress after thyroid surgery: Stridor may indicate potential respiratory distress.
- Hyperthyroid patient monitoring: Monitor for increased weight loss, which is a common symptom indicating a hypermetabolic state.
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