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Plagiarism

• Plagiarism is a serious form of academic dishonesty, frowned upon in academic settings.
• It involves verbatim copying of language or taking credit for ideas from other writers.

Two Types of Plagiarism

• Plagiarism of Ideas: Taking credit for a work not created by the author.
• Plagiarism of Language: Using another writer's language and claiming it as one's own.
  • Word-for-word plagiarism: Citing an author but copying the entire text verbatim.
  • Patchwork plagiarism: Mixing another writer's ideas with one's own interpretations, making ownership unclear.

Plagiarism of Ideas Example

• Writing about relativity in physics without mentioning Einstein and claiming the theory is one's own constitutes plagiarism of ideas.

Writing Citation Styles

• MLA (Modern Language Association) uses author-page orientation.
• APA (American Psychological Association) uses author-year orientation.

APA Example

• Shakespeare (1880) asserts that "brevity is the soul of wit."

MLA Example

• "Brevity is the soul of wit" (Shakespeare, 136).

Avoiding Plagiarism Through Citations

• Use author-oriented citations: surname + year of publication (in parentheses) + verb of statement.
  • Example: Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online environment can be understood if other modes of online communication are further analyzed
• Use text-oriented citations: sentence/paragraph + surname + year of publication (in parentheses, separated by a comma).
  • Example: Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject areas, problems in comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent issue in the teaching-learning process (Estacio, 2010).
• Use other ways of citation: Phrase "according to" + surname + year of publication (in parentheses).
  • Example: According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century, our fuel reserves will be reduced to half, and scarcity of energy supplies will be a big problem.

Example of Patchwork Plagiarism

• Original Text: Tuazon (2016) explains gestational surrogacy as the removal of an egg from the hopeful mother, fertilization by the intended father's sperm, and implantation into a surrogate mother's uterus.
• Plagiarized Text: Tuazon (2016) explains gestational surrogacy as an egg being taken from a woman's system, fertilized, and implanted in another woman's womb.

Three Ways of Taking Down Notes

• Summarizing
• Paraphrasing
• Quoting

Summarizing

• Shortening the main idea of a text.
• Ideally, it should be about a third of the length of the original text.
• To summarize effectively: read thoroughly, highlight important details, identify the main idea, use your own words, and recheck against the original.

Summarizing Examples

• Original: The two subjects have different intentions, beliefs and interests. One sees reading as a recreatory activity, choosing novels and advising others to start developing a likeness for reading by reading a novel. This person considers being able to have a big reading appetite as a basis for becoming a good reader. From this person's definition of reading, one would get the idea that he views reading as a product - theres a result from every reading activity (Mante, 2006).
• Summary: Based on the investigation of Mante (2006), it can be said that the respondent in her study views reading from a product-oriented perspective.
• Original: Dell (1974) posits that in order to speak a language correctly, one does not only need to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. in the speaking model, the following aspects of the linguistic situation are considered: setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, genre.
• Summary: Dell (1974) explains that there are eight aspects that need to be taken into account in a linguistic situation namely setting or scene, participants, purpose or goal, act sequence, ends, instrumentalities, norms and genre of the speech.

Paraphrasing

• Restating the main idea and supporting details of a text.
• The restatement may match the length of the original text.
• More challenging than summarizing but may minimize misinterpretation.

Tips in Paraphrasing

• Read the text thoroughly, noting both the main ideas and supporting details.
• Carefully restate the major and minor points in your own words, ensuring the relationship between the ideas is observed.
• Compare the restatement with the original to make sure the author's original intentions are not changed

Several Ways of Paraphrasing

• Literal paraphrasing: Involves changing the vocabulary terms from original text.
• Structural paraphrasing: Changing the sentence structure as well as the word class of key words of the original text.
• Alternative paraphrasing: Asking questions about the text and answering them using the writers' own words while maintaining the connection between ideas.

Paraphrasing Examples

• Original Text: Shakespeare (1880) asserts that "brevity is the soul of wit."
  • Literal Paraphrasing: Shakespeare (1880) explains that shortness is the essence of wisdom.
  • Structural Paraphrasing: Shakespeare (1880) posits that one's wisdom is based on how concise a person is in his use of words.
  • Alternative Paraphrasing: Shakespeare (1880) argues that the measure of one's wisdom greatly depends on how he uses his words concisely both in spokren or written form.

Quoting

• Copying short sentences or passages from the original text word-for-word.
• Copied wording is placed within "quotation marks".
• Direct quotes are cited using an in-text citation.

When to Quote

• Use when the language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful, or memorable.
• Use when wishing to confirm the credibility of an argument by enlisting the support of an authority on a topic.
• Use a quote when the passage is worthy of further analysis.
• Use a quote wish to argue with someone else's position in considerable detail.
• Use a quote when research involves participants and want to use extensive use of quotations in order to foreground the unique voices and perspectives of the participants.

Block Quotations

• Used when the direct quote being used exceeds a certain length.
  • APA: 40+ words.
  • MLA: More than 4 lines.

Formatting a Block Quote

• Provide an introduction to the quote.
• Begin the block quote on a new line.
• Do not enclose the direct quote in quotation marks.
• Double-space the block quote.
• Indent each line of the block quote by ½ inch.
• Punctuate the quoted material with a period before the parenthetical citation – with no ending punctuation after the parentheses.