Note-Taking Strategies and Plagiarism: PDF

Plagiarism  It is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe.  It is a verbatim copying of language of other writers as well as taking credit for ideas espoused by others. Two Types of Plagiarism  Plagiarism of Ideas  Plagiarism of La...

Plagiarism  It is a serious form of academic dishonesty and is frowned upon in the academe.  It is a verbatim copying of language of other writers as well as taking credit for ideas espoused by others. Two Types of Plagiarism  Plagiarism of Ideas  Plagiarism of Language Word-for-word plagiarism Patchwork plagiarism Plagiarism of Ideas  It occurs when credit for a work is taken by an author not made by him or her.  For instance, if one writes a paper about the relativity in Physics and no mention of Einstein is given and the writer explicitly or implicitly claims that this theory is his or hers, plagiarism of ideas has been committed.  Writing Citation Styles  MLA (Modern Language Association) *author-page orientation  APA (American Psychological Association) *author-year orientation  APA  Shakespeare (1880) asserts that “brevity is the soul of wit.”  MLA  “Brevity is the soul of wit” (Shakespeare, 136). To Avoid these, use citations.  Author-oriented citation -surname+year of publication (enclosed in parentheses) +verb of statement (states, argues, posits, emphasizes) Example: Pulido (2012) believes that language in an online environment can be understood if other modes of online communication are further analyzed to provide a full account of interaction in virtual worlds. To Avoid these, use citations.  Text-oriented citation -sentence/paragraph+surname+year of publication (enclosed in parentheses and separated by a comma) Example: Unless educators realize the importance of reading and writing across subject areas, problems in comprehension of subject matter will be a prominent issue in the teaching-learning process (Estacio, 2010). To Avoid these, use citations.  Other way of citation -phrase "according to"+surname+year of publication (enclosed in parentheses) Example: According to Mendoza (1990), by the end of the century, our fuel reserves will be reduced to half, and scarcity of energy supplies will be a big problem. Plagiarism of Language  It happens when an author uses the language of another writer and claims it as his or her own. Word-for-Word Plagiarism  It occurs when the author simply cites the author but copies the whole text verbatim. Patchwork Plagiarism  This occurs when the author mixes the ideas of the writer with his/her interpretations, creating patches of text, which make ownership of ideas very unclear. Example of Patchwork Plagiarism Original Text  Tuazon (2016) explains that in gestational surrogacy, an egg is removed from the hopeful mother to be fertilized by the sperm of the intended father. The fertilized egg then is implanted into the uterus of the surrogate mother who will carry the child to term. People who usually do this would want to raise a child without sexual intimacy from the opposite sex. Plagiarized Text  Tuazon (2016) explains that gestational surrogacy occurs when an egg is taken out of the woman's system and is fertilized and is implanted in the womb of another woman. The reason for this is that sexual intimacy is not the objective but procreation. Three Ways of Taking Down Notes Summarizing Paraphrasing Quoting Summarizing Summarizing  It is shortening the main idea of a text.  Ideally, it is a third of the original text you have used for your paper. Tips on How to Summarize  Make sure to read the text thoroughly and highlight the important details in the text.  Get the main idea.  Use your own words in crafting your summary.  Recheck your output with the original text to see if it does not stray away from the original text. Consider the following example: (1) It is obvious that the two subjects have different reading intentions, beliefs and interests. (2) One sees reading as a recreatory activity; thereby choosing novels over the other types of reading materials and advising others to start developing a likeness for reading by reading a novel. (3) Along the line, this person considers the ability to have a big reading appetite as a basis for becoming a good reader. (4) From this person's definition of reading, one would get the idea that he views reading as a product - there's a result from every reading activity (Mante, 2006). Summary  Based on the investigation of Mante (2006), it can be said that the respondent in her study views reading from a product-oriented perspective.  Summarize the following sentences  Dell (1974) posits that in order to speak a language correctly, one does not only need to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. In the speaking model, the following aspects of the linguistic situation are considered. First is setting and scene which both refer to the time and place and the environment of the situation. Second is the participants which refer to who is involved in the speech including the speaker and the audience. Third is the ends or the purpose and goals of the speech along with any outcomes of the speech. Fourth is the act sequence or the order of events that took place during the speech. Fifth is the key or the overall tone or manner of the speech. Sixth is the instrumentalities or the form and style of the speech being given. Seventh is the norms or what is socially acceptable at the event. Eight is the genre or the type of speech that is being given. Summary  Dell (1974) explains that there are eight aspects that need to be taken into account in a linguistic situation namely setting or scene, participants, purpose or goal, act sequence, ends, instrumentalities, norms and genre of the speech. Your turn! Summarizing Exercises Summarize the following excerpts in a sentence. 1. Dell (1974) proposed that we should study the knowledge that people have when they communicate or their communicative competence. Just like linguistic competence which tells you whether a sentence is grammatical or not, communicative competence tells you whether an utterance is appropriate or not within a situation. Summarize the following excerpts in a sentence. 2. According to Paul and Pearse (2000), in communication, vocabulary is more important than grammar. Vocabulary is virtually infinite compared to grammar as words are more complex than they appear to be on the surface. Among other things, they behave differently in different languages. It is then important for an individual to have a good vocabulary especially that the English language, which is the universal language, continually expands as he takes words from different languages. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing  It is a restatement of the main idea and supporting details of a text.  It may match the length of the original text.  It is more challenging than summarizing but it allows little opportunities for misinterpretation on the part of the reader. Tips in Paraphasing  Read the text thoroughly noting both the main ideas and supporting details.  Carefully state the major and minor points in your own words making sure that the relationship between and among ideas is observed.  Compare you work with the original to make sure that the original intentions of the author are not changed. Several Ways of Paraphrasing  Literal paraphasing means replacing vocabulary terms from original text.  Structural paraphrasing means changing the sentence structure as well as the word class of key words of the original text.  Alternative paraphrasing means posing certain questions about the text and answering these questions using the writers' own words making sure that all ideas are still connected leading to novel use of language. Example Original Text  Shakespeare (1880) asserts that “brevity is the soul of wit.” Literal Paraphrasing  Shakespeare (1880) explains that shortness is the essence of wisdom. Structural Paraphrasing  Shakespeare (1880) posits that one's wisdom is based on how concise a person is in his use of words. Alternative Paraphrasing  Shakespeare (1880) argues that the measure of one's wisdom greatly depends on how he uses his words concisely both in spoken or written form. Paraphrase the following sentences:  Di Pietro (1994) argues that without language, we could not think thoughts expressible to others, nor could we engage in the activities that commonly take place in the society we build ourselves. Paraphrase  Di Pietro (1994) reacts that the absence of language will not allow us to express meaningfully or even socialize in various situations that usually happen in the society we put up ourselves. Consider the following example:  It is obvious that the two subjects have different reading intentions, beliefs and interests. One sees reading as a recreatory activity; thereby choosing novels over the other types of reading materials and advising others to start developing a likeness for reading by reading a novel. Along the line, this person considers the ability to have a big reading appetite as a basis for becoming a good reader. From this person's definition of reading, one would get the idea that he views reading as a product- there's a result from every reading activity (Mante, 2006).  Paraphrase The findings reveal that the respondents from the study differ significantly in terms of reading motivation, beliefs and preferences. One reader has more product orientation since he/she uses the activity for recreation-favoring novels instead of others. Moreover, the respondent believes that good reading stems from great motivation. Based on the investigation, it can be said that the respondent in her study views reading from a product-oriented perspective (Mante, 2006). Paraphrase the following. The stylus is more potent than the claymore. ANSWER The pen is mightier than the sword. Paraphrase the following. Scintillate, scintillate, asteroids minified. ANSWER  Twinkle, twinkle, little star. Your turn! Paraphrase the following. 1. Members of an avian species of identical plumage congregrate. Paraphrase the following. 2. When there are visible vapors in ignited carbonaceous material, there is conflagration. Paraphrase the following. 3. Male cadavers are incapable of yielding any testimony. Paraphrase the following. 4. It is fruitless to become lachrymose over precipitantly departed lacteal fluid. Your turn! Paraphrasing Exercises Your turn! Paraphrasing Exercises Reminders!!! *Use citations. *For numbers 1-2, use author-oriented citation. *For numbers 3-4, use text-oriented citation. *For number 5, use “according to” citation. Reminders: 1. When to Use “et al.” 2. (Saluria, n.d.) 3. (Saluria, 2017; Beamish, 2019) Quoting Quoting  involves copying short sentences or passages from the original text word-for-word  places copied wording within “quotation marks”  Direct quotes are placed within quotation marks (" ") and are cited using an in-text citation Example: “The systematic development of literacy and schooling meant a new division in society, between the educated and the uneducated” (Cook-Gumperz, 1986). When to Quote  According to Plotnick (2002), using a quotation is appropriate in the following situations: 1. The language of the passage is particularly elegant, powerful, or memorable. 2. You wish to confirm the credibility of your argument by enlisting the support of an authority on your topic. 3. The passage is worthy of further analysis. 4. You wish to argue with someone else’s position in considerable detail. 5. Research that involves participants (for example, interviews and participant-observation research) also often makes extensive use of quotations in order to foreground the unique voices and perspectives of the participants. Block Quotations  Block quotations are used when the direct quote you are using exceeds a certain length. If you are quoting longer passages (more than 40 words), use block quotations. When quotes extend this long, you must format them differently from other quotes.  In APA style: 40+ words in the quote  In MLA style: More than 4 lines  To properly format a block quote, follow these guidelines:  Provide an introduction to the quote.  Begin the block quote on a new line.  Do not enclose the direct quote in quotation marks.  Double-space the block quote.  Indent each line of the block quote by ½ inch.  Punctuate the quoted material with a period before the parenthetical citation – with no ending punctuation after the parentheses. Example of a Block Quotation  Summative Examination Standard Summarizing and Paraphrasing