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What is the main focus of the NMT 100 COURSE Clin Nut Lecture I?

  • Analyze the integration of nutritional science and policies
  • Discuss the impact of patient care on dietary guidelines
  • Examine the historical and cultural context of naturopathic therapeutics (correct)
  • Explore the global nutritional crisis and its implications

    • What is a key concern related to the global nutritional crisis mentioned in the text?

  • Excessive food wastage in wealthy countries
  • Lack of technological advancements in food production
  • Overpopulation and its impact on food availability
  • Food and diet disparities with inaccessibility of foods for poorer nations (correct)

    • How has nutritional science developed over the last few decades according to the text?

  • Tremendously (correct)
  • Moderately
  • Remained stagnant
  • Minimally

    • What is the current need, as stated in the text, regarding nutritional science and policies?

    <p>Integration to apply updated nutritional recommendations to everyone’s daily life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended amount of moderate to vigorous physical activity for children and youth each day?

    <p>60 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week is recommended for adults and older adults?

    <p>150 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern about excess consumption of sweeteners?

    <p>Cancer, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the health risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption?

    <p>Cancer, hypertension, DM, CVD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of the Mediterranean Diet?

    <p>Seasonal grown and fresh vegetables, fruits, beans, nuts, and seafood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended frequency of seafood consumption in the Mediterranean Diet?

    <p>Twice weekly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can fish and mercury poisoning be minimized in the Mediterranean Diet?

    <p>Consume smaller fishes &amp; listen to local seafood advisories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of consuming more than one glass of wine a day in the Mediterranean Diet?

    <p>More harmful than useful</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main source of dairy products in the Mediterranean Diet?

    <p>Grain-fed cows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the risks associated with trans fats consumption?

    <p>CVD disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding processed or prepared foods and beverages according to the guidelines?

    <p>Undermining healthy eating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of animal protein has different amino acid structures, making it difficult to determine the ideal protein sources for human needs?

    <p>Grain-fed animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are children's protein requirements lower than adults?

    <p>During growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the body require more protein to produce antibodies and immune cells?

    <p>During active infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can developing countries improve outcomes by incorporating along with proteins?

    <p>Carbohydrates and energy foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is correlated with higher cholesterol and ischemic heart disease (IHD) according to the text?

    <p>Saturated fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences the incidence of high cholesterol and IHD according to the text?

    <p>Eating patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can high fiber intake protect against according to the text?

    <p>Colon cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has made improvements in controlling diabetes since the 1980s according to the text?

    <p>Nutrition changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Canada Food Guide recommend daily consumption of, with emphasis on unsaturated fats replacing saturated fats?

    <p>Vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can eating with others bring to healthy eating according to the text?

    <p>Enjoyment and connections between generations and cultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What improves diet quality among Indigenous Peoples and can help protect against cardiovascular health problems according to the text?

    <p>Traditional food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Health Canada recommend as the beverage of choice to support health and promote hydration without adding calories to the diet?

    <p>Water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggered significant interest in nutrition after World War II?

    <p>The need for post-war nutritional support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of future developments in nutrition?

    <p>Nutrient interactions, diet and microbiome, and diet quality over quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is vital for building collagen, connective tissues, and bones?

    <p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'double burden' in nutrition refer to?

    <p>Both low and overnutrition problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the focus of nutrition in the 1980s and 1990s?

    <p>The impact of nutrition on chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the best foods with high nutritional value according to the text?

    <p>Fish, nuts, fruits, vegetables, plant oils, and whole grains</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the means to improve nutrition practice according to the text?

    <p>More research, data, knowledge, and policy implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is highlighted as having a negative impact on health in relation to the food industry?

    <p>Advertising low-nutrient foods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will future developments in nutrition focus on?

    <p>Nutrient interactions, diet and microbiome, and diet quality over quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are crucial in nutrition and have specific functions and sources?

    <p>Selenium, chromium, zinc, and the concept of bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in behavioral change in nutrition according to the text?

    <p>Individual and industry support for healthier food options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is the estimated average requirement (EAR)?

    <p>amount of a nutrient that is estimated to meet the req of half of all healthy individuals in a given age and gender group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is recommended dietary allowance (RDA)?

    <p>average daily dietary intake of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet req of nearly all healthy persons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is adequate intake (AI)?

    <p>based on experimental data or determined by estimating amount of nutrient eaten by a group of healthy people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what is tolerable upper intake level (UL)?

    <p>highest continuing daily intake of a nutrient that is likely to pose no risks of adverse health effects for almost all individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)?

    <p>percentage range of protein, fat and carb intakes that are associated w/ reduced risk of chronic disease while providing adequate intakes of essential nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the pyramidal tracts reside?

    <p>Cerebral hemispheres' motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tracts conduct signals that regulate subconscious or postural body movements?

    <p>Rubrospinal, Tectospinal, Vestibulospinal, and Reticulospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the lower motor neurons (LMNs) of both pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts located?

    <p>Anterior horn of the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the upper motor neurons (UMNs) of the extrapyramidal tracts reside?

    <p>Brainstem and cerebellar cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the spinomesencephalic tract carry pain information to?

    <p>The midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Reticulospinal Tract?

    <p>Muscle tone, balance, and postural changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the termination point of the Reticulospinal Tract?

    <p>Anterior grey horn of spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the stimulation of PAG neurons by the spinomesencephalic tract affect pain transmission?

    <p>It blocks the release of Substance P, thus blocking pain transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is involved in the mediation of involuntary movements, muscle tone, posture, and skeletal muscle control?

    <p>Rubrospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract controls movements of the head in response to visual stimuli?

    <p>Tectospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract is essential for maintaining body balance and has two pathways: the lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts?

    <p>Vestibulospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reticulospinal tract descends in the anterior column of the spinal cord and carries autonomic information from the hypothalamus?

    <p>Pontine reticulospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reticulospinal tract influences reflexes, voluntary movements, and autonomic functions, descending in the lateral column of the spinal cord?

    <p>Medullary reticulospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is attributed to the rubrospinal tract?

    <p>Regulating flexor-extensor tone and mobility between upper and lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the lateral vestibulospinal tract?

    <p>Receiving input from the inner ear via the vestibulocochlear nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a function of the tectospinal tract?

    <p>Controls postural movements of the head in response to visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of both reticulospinal tracts?

    <p>Receive input from the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the vestibulospinal tracts regulate?

    <p>Muscle tone in response to head movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do upper motor neurons originate and terminate?

    <p>In the cortex and terminate in the brainstem or spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tract terminates in the brainstem and synapses on cranial nerve nuclei?

    <p>Corticobulbar tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the specific symptoms associated with lesions of lower motor neurons?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy, and signal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain transmits voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles from the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe?

    <p>Corticospinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of lesions of upper motor neurons?

    <p>Spastic paralysis, muscle tone changes, reflex issues, and atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tracts are part of the pyramidal pathways with fibers passing through internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, and medulla?

    <p>Corticospinal tracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the extrapyramidal system play in regulating motor functions?

    <p>Maintaining posture and regulating involuntary motor functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lesions of lower motor neurons result in?

    <p>Flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy, and signal loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system includes rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts?

    <p>Extrapyramidal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do corticospinal tracts transmit voluntary motor control from?

    <p>Pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are specific symptoms associated with lesions of upper motor neurons?

    <p>Spastic paralysis, muscle tone changes, reflex issues, and atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a 'pathologic' fear according to the text?

    <p>Impaired social or occupational functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anxiety disorder is no longer strictly considered as part of the anxiety disorder spectrum according to the text?

    <p>Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of adults report a lifetime history of one of the major anxiety disorders?

    <p>17%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by recurrent panic attacks?

    <p>Panic Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of Panic Disorder, a type of anxiety disorder?

    <p>1-2%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic defines a panic attack?

    <p>Characterized by sudden onset of intense fear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure can be 'activated' during the learning process related to fear and avoidance?

    <p>Hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What brain region can exert top-down control over regulating cognitive responses to fear-causing stimuli?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brainstem nucleus can have a modulatory effect on mood, memory, fear, and stress responses?

    <p>Raphe nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 'abnormal' excessive anxiety and fear responses, what area is either activated or inactivated close to the amygdala?

    <p>Stria terminalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in regulating mood, fear, and worry in response to threats?

    <p>Prefrontal cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'OCD likely has a pathogenesis that is distinct from anxiety disorders' - which brain region involves circuits that likely contribute to OCD?

    <p>Basal ganglia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is characterized by obsessions and compulsions that take more than an hour per day or cause significant distress?

    <p>Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is primarily responsible for attaching emotional weight to situations, contributing to the fear response?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders is NOT mentioned as potentially sharing a similar neurobiology with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder?

    <p>Schizophrenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the awareness that obsessions and compulsions are illogical and not based in fact, which most patients with OCD experience?

    <p>Insight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain structure is responsible for activating the sympathetic nervous system and cortisol release in response to fear?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the neurobiology of anxiety disorders is TRUE?

    <p>The networks involved are complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of specific phobias according to the diagnostic criteria presented?

    <p>They provoke an immediate fear or anxiety response upon exposure to the phobic stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of social anxiety disorder, what is the primary fear or concern?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>The presence of symptoms for at least 6 months before the traumatic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the information provided, what is the estimated prevalence range of specific phobias?

    <p>12 - 16%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?

    <p>It involves a marked and persistent fear lasting more than 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the information provided, what is a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>The traumatic event must involve actual or threatened death, violence, or serious injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the criteria for bulimia nervosa, what is the minimum frequency for binge-eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors?

    <p>At least once a week for 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as an inappropriate compensatory behavior in the criteria for bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Use of appetite suppressants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential danger associated with the purging behavior in bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Dysrhythmias caused by potassium loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines, such as diazepam (Valium®) and triazolam (Halcion®)?

    <p>They act as anxiolytics or hypnotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT listed as a potential danger of anorexia nervosa in the text?

    <p>Liver cirrhosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the criteria for bulimia nervosa, which of the following statements is TRUE?

    <p>Binge-eating episodes involve a sense of lack of control over eating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the associated emotion with the Fire element in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>Joy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Pericardium in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>Protects the Heart from external pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the Pericardium Heat pattern in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>Tongue is red and dry without coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of Pericardium Blood Deficiency in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the associated season with the Fire element in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>Summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the associated time of day with the Heart in Traditional Chinese Medicine?

    <p>11am - 1pm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of PERICARDIUM FIRE?

    <p>Emotional strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the tongue in PHLEGM-FIRE HARASSING PERICARDIUM?

    <p>Red, swollen with yellow, dry sticky coat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of PERICARDIUM QI STAGNATION?

    <p>Feeling of lump in throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the pulses in PERICARDIUM FIRE?

    <p>Full, rapid, slippery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of BLOOD STASIS IN PERICARDIUM?

    <p>Stabbing or pricking pain in the chest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of PERICARDIUM QI STAGNATION?

    <p>Emotional strain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Triple Warmer in relation to Qi?

    <p>Transforms, transports, and excretes fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pulse charting?

    <p>To note any characteristics palpated for each location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to charting the tongue?

    <p>Chart what you see, using natural light whenever possible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of a 'wiry' pulse?

    <p>It is tight and resistant to pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the meaning of a 'thread' or 'thready' pulse?

    <p>It is thin and tentative, like a thread</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal appearance of the tongue?

    <p>It has a normal, healthy color and may have a thin, white coating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Modern Nutritional Science Overview

    • Early nutritional approaches in the 60s and 70s were reductionist, focusing on single or few food items.
    • World War II triggered significant interest in nutrition due to the need for post-war nutritional support.
    • Means to improve nutrition practice include more research, data, knowledge, and policy implementation.
    • Vitamin C, discovered in 1932, is vital for building collagen, connective tissues, and bones.
    • Nutrition focus in the 1980s and 1990s was on the impact of nutrition on chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
    • The food industry and accountability highlight the negative impact of advertising low-nutrient foods on health.
    • Not all dairies are the same, and the "double burden" refers to both low and overnutrition problems.
    • The best foods with high nutritional value include fish, nuts, fruits, vegetables, plant oils, and whole grains.
    • Future developments in nutrition will focus on nutrient interactions, diet and microbiome, and diet quality over quantity.
    • Behavioral change in nutrition involves individual and industry support for healthier food options.
    • Historical nutrition discoveries include the prevention of anemia in monkeys and chickens with folic acid and the essential role of B12 in the body.
    • Selenium, chromium, zinc, and the concept of bioavailability are crucial in nutrition and have specific functions and sources.

    Motor Neuron Pathways and Lesions

    • Upper motor neurons (UMN) originate in the cortex and terminate in the brainstem or spinal cord
    • Corticobulbar tract terminates in the brainstem and synapses on cranial nerve nuclei
    • Corticospinal tract terminates in the spinal cord and synapses with motor neurons in the ventral horn
    • Lower motor neurons (LMN) begin in the brainstem or spinal cord and innervate muscles
    • Corticospinal tract transmits voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles from the pre-central gyrus of the frontal lobe
    • Corticospinal tract consists of crossed and uncrossed fibers that form the lateral and anterior corticospinal tracts
    • Lesions of upper motor neurons result in spastic paralysis, muscle tone changes, reflex issues, and atrophy
    • Lesions of lower motor neurons result in flaccid paralysis, rapid muscle atrophy, and signal loss
    • Specific symptoms associated with lesions of cranial nerves will be covered later in the course
    • The corticospinal tracts are part of the pyramidal pathways with fibers passing through the internal capsule, crus cerebri, pons, and medulla
    • The extrapyramidal tracts include rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts, regulating subconscious or postural body movements
    • The extrapyramidal system plays a crucial role in maintaining posture and regulating involuntary motor functions

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of modern nutritional science with this overview quiz. Explore key developments, historical discoveries, and future trends in nutrition, including the impact of diet on chronic diseases, the importance of specific nutrients like Vitamin C and B12, and the best foods for optimal nutrition. Learn about the evolution of nutritional approaches and the role of behavioral change in promoting healthier food options.

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