Nutrition Science and Water Intake Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the average daily water intake recommended for adults?

  • 4.7L – 5.7L
  • 1.7L – 2.7L
  • 3.7L – 4.7L
  • 2.7L – 3.7L (correct)

What condition results from a water/sodium imbalance?

  • Hypernatremia
  • Hyponatremia (correct)
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypercalcemia

Which of the following is a function of water in the body?

  • Enhances vision
  • Nutrient transport (correct)
  • Maintains muscle mass
  • Increases heart rate

What is a potential consequence of excessive water intake?

<p>Hyponatremia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which macronutrient has an average intake range of 250-350 g/d?

<p>Carbohydrate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason for food analysis?

<p>Consumer Preferences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive fluid intake commonly be avoided by?

<p>Increased urination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analysis method is mentioned for determining moisture content in feed samples?

<p>Kjeldahl method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the science of nutrition?

<p>The processes regarding food interactions in relation to health and disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ancient philosopher recognized the significance of examining the individual for medical purposes?

<p>Hippocrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which discovery in the 17th century indicated that dietary supplements could improve health?

<p>Iron fillings added to wine for anemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which century was the understanding of vitamins and their importance for disease prevention developed?

<p>19th Century (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant concept did Santorio Sanctorius contribute to the field of nutrition?

<p>The connection between food intake and metabolic excretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the study of nutrition encompass according to its integrative approach?

<p>Interdisciplinary methods from diverse sciences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant question regarding nutrients emerged in the 20th Century?

<p>How much of each nutrient is optimal for health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the essence of nutrition as an integrative science?

<p>It combines knowledge from multiple disciplines to understand food and health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the physiological fuel value of fat per gram?

<p>9 kcal/g (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fatty acid has the highest gross energy value per gram?

<p>Stearic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor decreases the energy released by fatty acids?

<p>Degree of unsaturation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the gross energy for butyric acid calculated per gram?

<p>5.35 kcal/g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of energy is typically lost in urine when metabolizing protein?

<p>1.25% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the physiological fuel value of carbohydrates compare to that of fat?

<p>Lower for carbs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much energy does 8 grams of fat contribute based on Atwater values?

<p>72 kcal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the metabolizable energy for stearic acid?

<p>9.06 kcal/g (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF) primarily refer to?

<p>Energy used for digestion and nutrient storage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations is used to calculate daily caloric needs?

<p>BMR = 665 + (9.6 × Weight) + (1.8 × Height) (A), BMR = 66 + (13.7 × Weight) + (5 × Height) - (6.8 × Age) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of daily energy usage does the Heat Increment of Feeding comprise?

<p>5-30% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissues are considered most reflective of the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

<p>Muscle and bone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the constant value used for metabolic weight in humans when calculating BMR?

<p>70 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity level corresponds to the BMR multiplied by 1.55?

<p>Moderately active (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) from Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

<p>BMR is measured in a post-absorptive state while RMR is not (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would typically require the highest caloric expenditure based on the provided activity levels?

<p>Very hard exercise &amp; physical job (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt?

<p>NADPH production and ribose synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP molecules are consumed in the conversion of 2 molecules of lactate back to glucose?

<p>6 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamins are required by the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?

<p>Thiamine, Niacin, Riboflavin, and Pantothenic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the net energy yield from one pyruvate molecule, in terms of NADH and ATP?

<p>1 NADH ≈ 3 ATP (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Krebs Cycle, what is the energy yield from 1 Acetyl-CoA in terms of NADH, FADH2, and GTP?

<p>3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the Hexose Monophosphate Shunt occur within the cell?

<p>Cytoplasm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Pyruvate Carboxylase in cellular metabolism?

<p>Carboxylate pyruvate to oxaloacetate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total energy yield from 1 glucose molecule during cellular respiration?

<p>Approximately 36-38 ATP (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do bile acids play in lipid digestion?

<p>They emulsify digested lipids, forming mixed micelles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for lipid digestion in the stomach?

<p>Gastric lipase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are bile acids affected by soluble fibers in the digestive tract?

<p>They reduce the efficiency of enterohepatic circulation by binding bile acids. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes mixed micelles in the context of lipid digestion?

<p>They are complex structures that facilitate lipid absorption across intestinal cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of pancreatic lipase in lipid digestion?

<p>To break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder?

<p>Hormonal signals based on lipid intake (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of mixed micelles during lipid digestion?

<p>Digested lipid products and bile salts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of enterohepatic circulation?

<p>To recycle bile acids from the intestine back to the liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is nutrition?

The science of food, nutrients, and substances in food, their action, interaction, and balance related to health and disease, and the processes of ingestion, digestion, absorption, transport, utilization, and excretion of food substances.

Nutrition as an integrative science

Nutrition combines various scientific disciplines, like epidemiology, chemistry, and biochemistry, to understand the role of nutrients in optimal health.

Anaxagoras (500 BC)

Early recognition that foods contain components essential for human body function (predecessor to concept of nutrients).

Hippocrates (460 BC)

Emphasized individual assessment in medical examination.

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Santorio Sanctorius (1614 AD)

Early study of metabolism; noted that ingested substances exceeded excreted substances.

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Dietary supplementation (17th century)

Recognition that certain nutrients can improve health for specific diseases (e.g., iron for anemia, citrus for scurvy).

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Vitamins (19th century)

Scientists discovered vitamins and their critical role in disease prevention.

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Quantity of nutrients (20th century)

Nutrition advanced beyond simply identifying nutrients to determining optimal amounts for good health.

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Essential Nutrient - Water daily intake

Adults need 2.7-3.7 liters of water daily, about 20% coming from food.

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Water's Functions

Water is a solvent for biochemical reactions, assists in nutrient transport, maintains vascular volume, regulates temperature, and facilitates nutrient catabolism (breaking down).

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Hyponatremia

A water/sodium imbalance, a condition that occurs from excessive water intake or insufficient sodium.

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Hyponatremia symptoms

Characterized by central nervous system swelling (edema) along with muscle weakness.

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Proximate Analysis

Describes the primary components of food samples, including moisture, protein, fat, and carbohydrates.

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Food Composition Importance

Analysis helps determine food quality, safety, and nutritional content; crucial for regulations, quality control, consumer decisions.

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Food Analysis Methods

The scientific study and application of methods to characterize foods and their components.

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Quality Control in Food

Maintaining consistent food composition, ensuring safe and nutritious foods.

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Fat oxidation

Fat is less easily oxidized than carbohydrates and proteins.

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Hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio in fat

Fat has a much greater ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms (greater than 2:1) compared to other fuels.

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Fat's energy content (kcal/g)

Fat provides approximately 9 kcal of energy per gram, as indicated by the Atwater values.

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Atwater Values

Standard values representing the approximate energy content of macronutrients.

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Fat chain length

Longer fatty acid chains release more energy.

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Unsaturated fatty acids

Unsaturated fats have double bonds, resulting in reduced energy release per gram (compared to equivalent chain length saturated fats).

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Gross Energy

The total energy released during the complete combustion of a fuel.

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Metabolizable Energy

The energy that is actually available to the body after accounting for losses during digestion and metabolism.

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Heat Increment of Feeding (HIF)

The energy used by your body to digest, absorb, distribute and store nutrients from the food you eat.

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What is Net Energy?

The energy your body has left after HIF is subtracted from the energy you consumed (Metabolisable Energy). It's used for basic functions.

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What are the components of Total Energy Expenditure?

The total amount of energy your body uses each day is divided into three main parts:

  1. Basal Metabolic Rate: Energy used for basic functions.
  2. Thermic Effect of Food (HIF): Energy used for digestion.
  3. Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE): Energy used for movement.
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What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

The energy your body needs to stay alive, even if you're completely still.

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How is BMR measured?

It's measured when you're fully relaxed, lying down, in a neutral temperature, and haven't eaten recently. It's also called 'resting metabolic rate (RMR).

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What tissues are most reflective of BMR?

Muscle and bone are the main contributors to BMR.

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How is BMR calculated?

BMR is calculated using a formula that considers body weight and metabolically active tissue.

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What is the Harris-Benedict Equation?

A well-known formula to estimate your daily calorie needs based on gender, weight, height, and age.

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Lactate's Role in Gluconeogenesis

Lactate produced during intense exercise is transported back to the liver, where it's converted back into glucose through gluconeogenesis, providing energy for the body.

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Energy Cost of Gluconeogenesis

The conversion of 2 lactate molecules into glucose requires 6 ATP molecules, highlighting the energy-intensive nature of this process.

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Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (HMP Shunt)

An alternative glucose metabolism pathway that primarily produces NADPH, a crucial reducing agent for various cellular processes, and ribose, a sugar component of nucleotides.

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Importance of NADPH

NADPH plays a vital role in protecting cells from oxidative damage by reducing reactive oxygen species, ensuring proper cellular function.

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Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH)

A multi-enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-CoA, the key entry point into the Krebs cycle.

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Krebs Cycle Energy Yield

Each turn of the Krebs cycle generates 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP, ultimately yielding around 12 ATP molecules per acetyl-CoA.

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Glucose's Energy Contribution

The complete breakdown of one glucose molecule yields approximately 38 ATP molecules, supplying the body with energy for various metabolic processes.

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Key Vitamins in PDH Complex

The PDH complex requires four essential vitamins for proper function: thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid.

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Lingual Lipase

An enzyme secreted in the mouth that begins the breakdown of fats. It is continuous, meaning it is always being secreted, and is one of the first digestive enzymes to act on lipids.

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Gastric Lipase

This enzyme found in the stomach also breaks down fats. It is continuously secreted and can function effectively in the stomach's acidic environment.

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Bile Acids

These compounds, produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, play a crucial role in digesting fats. They emulsify fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets, making it easier for enzymes to work.

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Mixed Micelles

These are tiny, spherical structures that form in the small intestine. They consist of digested lipids (like fatty acids and cholesterol) and bile acids. They are small enough to move between the microvilli in the intestine, allowing for easy absorption.

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Lipid Transport

The process of moving digested lipids through the body. Different types of lipoproteins (protein-lipid complexes) are used to transport fats, with each type having a specific role.

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How is Lipoprotein Classified?

Lipoprotein classification depends on the ratio of protein to lipid in the complex. This helps determine their function and how they interact with the body.

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Enterohepatic Circulation

This refers to the continuous recycling of bile acids. They're reabsorbed from the intestine, travel back to the liver, and are ultimately reused in the digestive process. This is highly efficient, with only a small amount of bile lost in feces.

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Role of Soluble Fiber in Enterohepatic Circulation

Soluble fiber can reduce the efficiency of enterohepatic circulation by binding to bile acids. This can increase the amount of bile acids lost in feces.

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Study Notes

Course Information

  • Course title: Fundamentals of Nutrition
  • Course code: NUTR *3210
  • Virtual office hours: Every Friday, 10:00 AM - 11:00 AM (on Zoom)
  • Courselink Discussion Board: Excellent resource for questions; post clearly, descriptive titles help reduce repeated questions
  • Exam questions directly from lectures and additional information provided in class

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Fundamentals of Nutrition PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on the fundamentals of nutrition, including daily water intake recommendations, functions of water, and macronutrient intake ranges. Explore the historical significance of nutrition science and its evolution over the centuries.

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