Energy Balance and Storage Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the nutrition-related complications of pregnancy that requires diet control?

Heartburn

Constipation

Gestational diabetes (correct)

Pre-eclampsia

What is a key indicator of adequate nutrient intake in children?

Growth monitoring using BMI-for-age charts (correct)

Exposure to diverse foods

Parental modeling of healthy eating

Family mealtime practices

How many additional calories are needed during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy?

100–150 kcal/day

500–600 kcal/day

350–450 kcal/day (correct)

200–300 kcal/day

What hormonal benefit is associated with breastfeeding?

Releases oxytocin Signup and view all the answers

What daily intake of iron is generally recommended during pregnancy?

27 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the psychosocial effects experienced by obese adolescents?

Social rejection and bullying Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed in obesity rates among children since 2004?

Continued stabilization Signup and view all the answers

Which substance should be avoided during pregnancy due to its harmful effects?

Alcohol Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a mental health risk that may be experienced by mothers who exclusively breastfeed?

Postpartum depression Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential macronutrient requirement for protein during pregnancy?

71 g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a physical risk associated with breastfeeding?

Sore nipples Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of metabolic syndrome in adolescents?

High triglycerides and large waist circumference Signup and view all the answers

How do children typically develop their eating habits?

Influenced by family practices and social learning Signup and view all the answers

Which is an advantage of bottle feeding?

Allows for nutritional control Signup and view all the answers

What amount of folate is recommended daily to help prevent neural tube defects during pregnancy?

600 µg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant disadvantage of bottle feeding?

Cost of formula Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of increasing fluid intake to about 3 liters per day during pregnancy?

To support increased blood volume and amniotic fluid production Signup and view all the answers

Why do infants and young children have higher energy needs compared to adults?

Rapid growth and development Signup and view all the answers

What happens when children fall below the third percentile in growth monitoring?

They may indicate dietary imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the noted deficiencies in the diet of Canadian children and youth?

Low intake of fruits and vegetables Signup and view all the answers

What impact can malnutrition during pregnancy have on fetal outcomes?

Preterm delivery, low birth weight, or developmental issues Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed regarding sugary drinks and high-energy beverages from 2004 to 2015?

Decreased consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when assessing the risk of chronic diseases?

Immune Response Signup and view all the answers

What dietary behavior is characterized by children preferring only certain foods?

Temporary food preferences known as food jags Signup and view all the answers

What issue is highlighted regarding the dietary intake of Canadian children aged 4-13?

High fast food intake Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of regular exercise aside from weight loss?

Enhanced cardiovascular health Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes weight loss as the primary goal of dietary interventions?

Weight Focused Approach (WFA) Signup and view all the answers

What can be a negative consequence of the Weight Focused Approach?

Weight stigma and psychological impacts Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is part of non-weight-focused approaches to nutrition therapy?

Intuitive Eating Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise contribute to improved sleep quality?

By promoting better sleep patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes Health at Every Size® (HAES®)?

Promotes health improvements without weight loss focus Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavioral factors may influence chronic disease risk?

Physical activity levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended percentage of energy that infants need from fat between the ages of 1 and 3 years?

30–40% Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of malnutrition that affects physical health?

Increased risk of cognitive impairment Signup and view all the answers

Which group is noted to have a higher prevalence of malnutrition upon hospital admission?

Older adults and children Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a sign of readiness for a child before introducing solids?

Eats solid foods with no choking risks Signup and view all the answers

What is a key principle of Baby-Led Weaning (BLW)?

Allow the baby to self-feed finger foods Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary causes of malnutrition?

Chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

How much protein does a 2-year-old require daily?

13g Signup and view all the answers

Which technique is commonly used for assessing muscle mass in the diagnosis of sarcopenia?

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of Baby-Led Weaning?

Reduces overall family meal costs Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes malnutrition from sarcopenia?

Malnutrition can occur with normal muscle strength Signup and view all the answers

According to the Division of Responsibility, what is a parent's primary role?

Decide what, when, and where food is served Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of adults aged 65 and older living in the community are at nutrition risk?

1 in 3 Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant economic impact of malnutrition on healthcare services in Canada?

Increased hospital stay lengths Signup and view all the answers

What is a required daily intake of calcium for children?

700–1,000 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What role does a child have in the Division of Responsibility regarding food?

Regulate their eating based on hunger and fullness cues Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the condition known as sarcopenia?

A progressive muscle mass and strength disorder Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Balance

Energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is converted to ATP through metabolic reactions
Processes include breaking down macronutrients and using released energy to synthesize ATP
Total energy expenditure (TEE) includes basal metabolism (60-75%), physical activity (15-30%), and thermic effect of food (10%)
Basal metabolism includes involuntary bodily functions like breathing, circulation, and temperature regulation
Physical activity includes planned exercise and daily activities (NEAT)
Thermic effect of food is the energy needed for digesting, absorbing, and storing nutrients
Excess energy is stored as glycogen (in liver and muscles) or triglycerides (in adipose tissue)

Storage of Excess Dietary Energy

Excess energy is stored as glycogen, primarily when carbohydrate intake is sufficient
Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles
Triglycerides are stored in fat cells (adipocytes)
Adipocytes can grow or shrink based on fat accumulation

Measuring Energy Expenditure

Methods for measuring energy expenditure include direct and indirect calorimetry, and doubly labeled water
Direct calorimetry measures the heat produced by the body in an insulated chamber
Indirect calorimetry measures oxygen use and carbon dioxide production by measuring breathing
Doubly labeled water measures total energy expenditure using isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen

Factors Influencing Energy Expenditure

Body weight and composition
Gender
Age
Growth rate (in children)
Body temperature
Thyroid hormone levels
Energy intake (calories consumed)
Physical activity levels
Genetic factors influence body weight, metabolic rate, body fat distribution, and appetite regulation
More than 50 genes are associated with obesity
Food intake, satiety, and energy expenditure can be impacted by genetic factors
Environmental factors and lifestyle choices affect individual weight
Gene-environment interactions influence how genetic factors are expressed

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Description

This quiz covers the processes of energy conversion from macronutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into ATP. It explores total energy expenditure, including basal metabolism, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food, as well as how excess dietary energy is stored in the body as glycogen and triglycerides.