Nutrition: Fats and Energy

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Questions and Answers

Which lipoprotein is responsible for transporting cholesterol back to the liver?

Triglyceride-rich lipoprotein

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (correct)

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

What is the main characteristic of trans fats?

Artificial fats made from partial hydrogenation (correct)

Contain no fatty acids

Natural fats found in foods

Made from full hydrogenation

What type of fats can be classified as SCFA, MCFA, or LCFA?

Proteins

Unsaturated fats

Trans fats

Saturated fats (correct)

How is energy expenditure during digestion referred to?

Diet Induced Thermogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is a source of trans fats?

Doughnuts Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is primarily found in which sources?

Animal fats Signup and view all the answers

What does basal metabolism primarily support?

Essential metabolic processes at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy measurement unit that is equivalent to 1 kcal?

Joule Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vitamins is correct?

Vitamins must be obtained from the diet except for vitamin D and niacin. Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of Vitamin A in terms of its sources?

Both provitamin A and preformed vitamin A. Signup and view all the answers

Which factors aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins?

Bile salts, pancreatic lipase, and dietary fat. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding vitamin deficiency symptoms?

Deficiency symptoms develop relatively fast. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamins?

To regulate metabolic processes. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the nature of vitamins?

Vitamins vary in their chemical and physical nature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?

They require dietary fat for absorption. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes provitamins from other vitamin types?

They are compounds that can be converted to active vitamins. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of thiamine triphosphate (TTP) in mammals?

Required for carbohydrate metabolism Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of thiamine deficiency?

Burning sensation in the eyes Signup and view all the answers

What food source is a good source of niacin?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant characteristic of pantothenic acid?

Essential for maintaining normal growth Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the toxicity effects of niacin?

No toxic effects observed Signup and view all the answers

What role does lipoic acid play in metabolism?

Transforms pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily sufficient requirement for pantothenic acid?

5 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is known to have no toxicity from oral doses?

Pantothenic Acid Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is related to niacin deficiency?

Scaly patches on skin Signup and view all the answers

What is the most stable vitamin among thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin?

Niacin Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of myelin deficiency?

Demyelination of large nerve fibers Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient source is primarily attributed to myelin formation?

Animal sources Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of cooking on myelin content?

70% is retained during cooking Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is not listed as essential for the body?

Carbon Signup and view all the answers

What effect does myelin toxicity have on the body?

No toxic effects Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of folic acid in the body?

Transfers 1 carbon units for DNA and RNA synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of folic acid deficiency?

Megaloblastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is unique about the stability of folic acid?

Unstable to heat in acid media Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is particularly rich in choline?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

What role does cobalamin (B12) play in the body?

Facilitates nucleic acid synthesis Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with a deficiency of choline?

Fatty liver disease Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is commonly found in refined foods in combinations?

Iron Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the retention of folic acid during cooking?

It retains approximately 70% during cooking Signup and view all the answers

What type of elements are considered trace minerals?

Required in small amounts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known function of inositol?

Increases RBC production Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Fats

Trans fats are hydrogenated oils made to be more stable.
Saturated fats are classified as short, medium, or long-chain fatty acids.
Saturated fats cannot be hydrogenated and mostly come from animal fats.
Cholesterol is a waxy substance which is a component of cell membranes.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) removes cholesterol from the body back to the liver.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) transports cholesterol from the liver to cells.
Trans fats are artificial fats and are made from partial hydrogenation.
Sources of trans fats include: crackers, doughnuts, fries, cookies, vegetable shortening, hard margarine, and pastries.

Energy

Energy is the capacity to do work, and is measured in kcals or Joules.
Expending energy can be broken down into three categories: basal metabolism, physical activity, and diet-induced thermogenesis.
Basal metabolism refers to essential metabolic processes by the body at rest, such as circulation and breathing.
Physical activity is energy expended on movement.
Diet-induced thermogenesis is the increase in energy use by the body for digestion, also known as the thermic effect of food.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small quantities for various body functions.
Vitamins are essential for converting food into energy and regulating metabolic processes.
Vitamins do not provide energy to the body, with the exception of vitamin supplements which may contain calories.
Vitamin D and niacin are the only vitamins that the human body can produce.

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A (retinol) is a group of compounds that can be used by the body to synthesize vitamin A.
Vitamin A absorption is aided by bile salts, pancreatic lipase, and dietary fat.
The recommended daily allowance for vitamin A is 5000 IU for women and 10,000 IU for men.
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to night blindness, dry skin, and hair loss.
Vitamin A overdose can lead to liver damage and bone malformations.

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Thiamine (B1) is readily soluble in water and is important for carbohydrate metabolism.
A deficiency of thiamine can lead to beriberi.
Niacin (nicotinic acid) is stable and resistant to heat and light.
A deficiency of niacin can lead to pellagra.
Pantothenic acid is essential for carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
A deficiency of pantothenic acid can lead to fatigue and insomnia.
Folic acid plays a vital role in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
A deficiency of folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia.
Cobalamin (B12) is essential for the normal metabolism and growth of all cells.
A deficiency of cobalamin can lead to pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia.
Inositol is a lipotropic agent, meaning it helps in the transport and metabolism of fats.
Choline is also a lipotropic agent and is needed for fat transport.

Minerals

Minerals are elements in their simple inorganic form, present in small amounts in the body and food.
There are 21 essential mineral elements, but over 25 are found in the body.
Minerals of the body can exist in both organic and inorganic combinations.
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, and magnesium are the major minerals.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts related to fats and energy in nutrition. Learn about the different types of fats, their sources, and how energy is measured and expended in the body. Test your understanding of cholesterol and metabolic processes.