Nutrition during pregnancy 

8 to 10 glasses (2.3 liters) of fluids are recommended daily for optimal health during pregnancy.

Limit caffeine intake to no more than 300 mg daily during pregnancy.

Avoid alcohol consumption entirely during pregnancy.

Factors like age, culture, education, and socioeconomic status can influence a person's ability to access and maintain adequate nutrition.

Clients with PKU must maintain a diet low in phenylalanine to protect the developing fetus.

Gestational diabetes requires nutritional interventions to maintain blood sugar levels.

Lactating clients need increased protein and calorie intake, increased fluids, but need to avoid alcohol and caffeine. Specific foods may not be good for the newborn.

Clients who are not breastfeeding should resume a well-balanced diet.

For a single pregnancy, it's generally 11.5-16 kg (25-35 lb).

0.9-1.8 kg (2-4 lb) during the first trimester

Around 0.5 kg (1 lb) per week for the final two trimesters.

Assessing a pregnant client's food choices, risk factors, and diet history.

Ideal weight gain varies based on pre-pregnancy weight.

Can lead to complications like abnormal fetal growth and labor problems.

May lead to low birth weight newborns.

Essential for preventing fetal neural tube defects and developing a healthy brain.

400 mcg for planning pregnancy or child bearing, 600 mcg during pregnancy

340 calories/day in second trimester and 452 calories/day in third trimester, extra calories for breastfeeding