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Questions and Answers
What percentage of an animal's composition is accounted for by water?
What percentage of an animal's composition is accounted for by water?
What is the purpose of supplementing hay or pasture with concentrates in a horse's diet?
What is the purpose of supplementing hay or pasture with concentrates in a horse's diet?
Why is it important to base a horse's ration on adequate amounts of good-quality roughage?
Why is it important to base a horse's ration on adequate amounts of good-quality roughage?
What are the two ways in which nutrient requirements for horses are expressed?
What are the two ways in which nutrient requirements for horses are expressed?
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Why are vitamins essential for horses?
Why are vitamins essential for horses?
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What is the importance of mineral balance in the body?
What is the importance of mineral balance in the body?
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What is the primary function of carbohydrates in an animal's diet?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in an animal's diet?
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What is a consequence of a diet lacking in fats?
What is a consequence of a diet lacking in fats?
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What is the unique characteristic of fats in terms of energy provision?
What is the unique characteristic of fats in terms of energy provision?
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What is the sixth basic nutrient included in all animal feeds?
What is the sixth basic nutrient included in all animal feeds?
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What is the normal temperature range for horses?
What is the normal temperature range for horses?
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What is the description of a chestnut horse?
What is the description of a chestnut horse?
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What is the ideal body condition score for broodmares during breeding season?
What is the ideal body condition score for broodmares during breeding season?
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What is a characteristic of a healthy horse?
What is a characteristic of a healthy horse?
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What is the normal range for heart rate in horses?
What is the normal range for heart rate in horses?
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What is the main function of water in the body of horses?
What is the main function of water in the body of horses?
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What is the purpose of feeding horses roughage?
What is the purpose of feeding horses roughage?
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What are the two main components of a horse's daily ration?
What are the two main components of a horse's daily ration?
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What is the role of vitamins in a horse's diet?
What is the role of vitamins in a horse's diet?
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What is the main consideration for horse owners when deciding on a horse's diet?
What is the main consideration for horse owners when deciding on a horse's diet?
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What is the primary function of water in the body of horses?
What is the primary function of water in the body of horses?
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What do horses require to maintain body weight and support digestive and metabolic functions?
What do horses require to maintain body weight and support digestive and metabolic functions?
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Why is feeding horses roughage important?
Why is feeding horses roughage important?
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What is the purpose of feeding horses concentrates?
What is the purpose of feeding horses concentrates?
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What determines the type and amount of feed a horse requires?
What determines the type and amount of feed a horse requires?
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Study Notes
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins are essential for health, development, and metabolic reactions, and are required in small amounts.
- Micro minerals, also known as trace minerals, are a type of mineral.
- Minerals are needed in nearly all parts of the body, primarily in bones and teeth.
- Minerals are divided into two groups: macro minerals and micro minerals.
Water
- Water is the most important nutrient, accounting for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals.
- Functions of water in the body include:
- Controlling body temperature
- Enabling living plants and animals to hold their shape
- Transporting nutrients and waste throughout the body
- Helping in the digestion of feeds
- Being a major part of all body fluids
Feeds
- Feeds furnish horses with a daily supply of nutrients in the correct amounts.
- Feeds should be palatable, easily obtained, and economical.
- Horse feeds include five groups:
- Roughage (hay, or pasture)
- Concentrates (grain, protein supplement, minerals, and vitamins)
- Individual horses vary considerably in their nutrient requirements, making feeding horses an art and a science.
Nutrition
- All feeds include six basic nutrients: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water.
- Protein provides essential amino acids and is essential for growth and repair.
- Carbohydrates are used as energy for body functions, growth, and reproduction.
- Fats are a concentrated source of energy, and are essential for energy reserves, protection of vital organs, and insulation.
Horse Body Condition
- Body condition score is a way to assess a horse's nutritional status.
- Most horses should be in a body score of 5-6.
- Broodmares should be a 5-7 for optimum reproductive efficiency.
- Horses over a condition score of 7 may be at a greater risk for developing metabolic disorders.
Horse Health
- Normal health indicators include:
- Temperature: 99.5-101.5 °F
- Heart rate: 32-48 beats per minute
- Respiratory rate: 8-20 breaths per minute
- Body condition/weight (fatness or thinness)
- Hair coat: shiny and glossy
- Hoof growth: normal growth rate, smooth and uncracked
- Eyes: bright, fully open, clear, and without discharge
- Normal hydration
- Normal feces and urine: firm fecal balls, wheat-colored clear urine
- Healthy pink mucous membranes of gums and lips
Leg Conformation
- Ideal leg set: A vertical line from the shoulder should fall through the elbow and center of the foot when viewed from the side.
- Problems: Camped-under, camped-out, leg too straight, buck-kneed, calf-kneed.
- Ideal leg set: A vertical line from the point of the buttock should fall in the center of the hock, pastern, and foot when viewed from the back.
- Problems: Stands wide, stands close, bow-legged, cow-hocked.
Parasites
- Bot Flies: An external parasite of horses.
- Tapeworms: Internal parasites commonly affecting cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, and horses, with multiple intermediate hosts.
- Roundworms (ascarids): Internal parasites commonly affecting young animals, causing severe damage due to larval migration, with eggs surviving for years.
Methods of Injection
- Intramuscular (IM) injections: Most commonly used for antibiotics, vaccines, and wormers, administered in large muscles, with aspiration necessary to avoid blood vessels.
- Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections: Injecting compounds directly beneath the skin, not in the flesh or a blood vessel, easy to administer in areas with loose skin folds.
- Intradermal injections (ID): Made between the skin layers, not beneath it, requiring a fine gauge needle.
Breed Definition and Color
- Breed: A group of animals of the same species sharing common traits.
- Color classification: Varies based on breeds, with examples including bay, chestnut, sorrel, grey, black, white, palomino, buckskin, dun, and roan.
Health
- Normal body temperature: 99.5-101.5 °F.
- Normal heart rate: 32-48 beats per minute.
- Normal respiratory rate: 8-20 breaths per minute.
- Body condition/weight: Important to monitor.
- Hair coat: Should be shiny and glossy.
- Hoof growth: Normal growth rate, smooth, and uncracked.
- Eyes: Bright, fully open, clear, and without discharge.
- Normal hydration: Important to monitor.
- Normal feces and urine: Firm fecal balls, wheat-colored, clear urine.
Body Condition Score
- Most horses should be in a body score of 5-6.
- Broodmares should be a 5-7 for optimum reproductive efficiency.
- Horses over a condition score of 7 may be at risk for metabolic disorders.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins: Required for health, development, and metabolic reactions, divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble groups.
- Micro minerals (or trace minerals): Essential for health.
Water
- Functions: Controls body temperature, enables living plants and animals to hold their shape, is involved in nutrient transport and waste removal, aids in digestion, and is a major part of body fluids.
- Importance: Accounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals.
Feeds
- Purpose: Provide a daily supply of nutrients in the correct amounts, supply palatable and easily obtained feedstuffs, and provide economical feedstuffs.
- Feeds for horses include five groups: forage, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
- Importance of forage: Basing rations on adequate amounts of good-quality roughage minimizes digestive disturbances.
- Nutrient requirements: Vary among horses, requiring individualized feeding plans to meet energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin needs.
Leg Conformation
- Ideal leg set: A vertical line from the shoulder should fall through the elbow and center of the foot when viewed from the side.
- Problems: Camped-under, camped-out, leg too straight, buck-kneed, calf-kneed.
- Ideal leg set: A vertical line from the point of the buttock should fall in the center of the hock, pastern, and foot when viewed from the back.
- Problems: Stands wide, stands close, bow-legged, cow-hocked.
Parasites
- Bot Flies: An external parasite of horses.
- Tapeworms: Internal parasites commonly affecting cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, and horses, with multiple intermediate hosts.
- Roundworms (ascarids): Internal parasites commonly affecting young animals, causing severe damage due to larval migration, with eggs surviving for years.
Methods of Injection
- Intramuscular (IM) injections: Most commonly used for antibiotics, vaccines, and wormers, administered in large muscles, with aspiration necessary to avoid blood vessels.
- Subcutaneous (Sub-Q) injections: Injecting compounds directly beneath the skin, not in the flesh or a blood vessel, easy to administer in areas with loose skin folds.
- Intradermal injections (ID): Made between the skin layers, not beneath it, requiring a fine gauge needle.
Breed Definition and Color
- Breed: A group of animals of the same species sharing common traits.
- Color classification: Varies based on breeds, with examples including bay, chestnut, sorrel, grey, black, white, palomino, buckskin, dun, and roan.
Health
- Normal body temperature: 99.5-101.5 °F.
- Normal heart rate: 32-48 beats per minute.
- Normal respiratory rate: 8-20 breaths per minute.
- Body condition/weight: Important to monitor.
- Hair coat: Should be shiny and glossy.
- Hoof growth: Normal growth rate, smooth, and uncracked.
- Eyes: Bright, fully open, clear, and without discharge.
- Normal hydration: Important to monitor.
- Normal feces and urine: Firm fecal balls, wheat-colored, clear urine.
Body Condition Score
- Most horses should be in a body score of 5-6.
- Broodmares should be a 5-7 for optimum reproductive efficiency.
- Horses over a condition score of 7 may be at risk for metabolic disorders.
Vitamins and Minerals
- Vitamins: Required for health, development, and metabolic reactions, divided into fat-soluble and water-soluble groups.
- Micro minerals (or trace minerals): Essential for health.
Water
- Functions: Controls body temperature, enables living plants and animals to hold their shape, is involved in nutrient transport and waste removal, aids in digestion, and is a major part of body fluids.
- Importance: Accounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals.
Feeds
- Purpose: Provide a daily supply of nutrients in the correct amounts, supply palatable and easily obtained feedstuffs, and provide economical feedstuffs.
- Feeds for horses include five groups: forage, energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.
- Importance of forage: Basing rations on adequate amounts of good-quality roughage minimizes digestive disturbances.
- Nutrient requirements: Vary among horses, requiring individualized feeding plans to meet energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin needs.
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Learn about the importance of vitamins and minerals in our body, and how they contribute to our overall health and well-being.
