Micronutrients: Vitamins Overview

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Questions and Answers

Vitamins are a group of organic compounds that contain nitrogen.

False (B)

What is the primary role of vitamins in the body?

Vitamins help convert food into energy through biochemical reactions.

Which of the following vitamins can the human body produce on its own?

  • Vitamin K
  • Vitamin C
  • Vitamin D (correct)
  • Vitamin A

What are the two main categories of vitamins based on their solubility?

<p>Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a precursor for Vitamin A?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition that results from a lack of Vitamin A?

<p>Avitaminosis A</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin A is stable to heat and light exposure.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of Vitamin A?

<p>Production of red blood cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most critical symptom associated with Vitamin A deficiency?

<p>Eye lesions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive intake of Vitamin A can lead to a harmless orange appearance of the skin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is Vitamin D acquired by the body?

<p>Vitamin D is produced in the skin through exposure to sunlight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deficiency condition associated with Vitamin D?

<p>Rickets</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin E is unstable to heat and oxidation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of Vitamin E in the body?

<p>Antioxidant activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of Vitamin K?

<p>Intestinal bacteria synthesize Vitamin K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin K is essential for the formation of prothrombin, a key factor in blood clotting.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Vitamin C?

<p>Formation and maintenance of intercellular cementing substance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C is a stable vitamin unaffected by cooking or exposure to air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Vitamin C deficiency (scurvy)?

<p>Night blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the vital functions of the B complex vitamins?

<p>The B complex vitamins help transform carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into energy and play a role in muscle contraction, tissue repair, and health maintenance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most B complex vitamins can be destroyed by cooking.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of Thiamine (B1)?

<p>Carbohydrate metabolism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deficiency condition associated with Thiamine (B1)?

<p>Beriberi</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excess intake of thiamine can lead to serious health problems.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of Thiamine (B1)?

<p>Milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main coenzymes that involve Riboflavin (B2)?

<p>Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Riboflavin is stable to heat and alkalis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Riboflavin (B2) deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of Niacin (B3) in the body?

<p>Niacin is involved in numerous metabolic processes, including energy production from carbohydrates and fats, as well as protein synthesis and breakdown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Niacin is more stable than Thiamine and Riboflavin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Pellagra, the deficiency condition associated with Niacin (B3)?

<p>Night blindness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Pyridoxine (B6) in the body?

<p>Pyridoxine plays a crucial role in numerous metabolic process involving the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pyridoxine (B6) deficiency is commonly observed in adults.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IS NOT a good source of Pyridoxine (B6)?

<p>Milk (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Pantothenic Acid (B5) in the body?

<p>Pantothenic acid is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; it also plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the nervous system and healthy skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pantothenic Acid (B5) is a very stable vitamin resistant to heat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IS NOT a symptom of Pantothenic Acid (B5) deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Biotin (B7) in the body?

<p>Biotin plays a vital role in carboxylation reactions, which are crucial for energy metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and the production of certain amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biotin deficiency is a common occurrence in humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IS NOT a good source of Biotin (B7)?

<p>Corn oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Folic Acid (B9) in the body?

<p>Folic acid is crucial for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, which are essential for cell growth and division, particularly during pregnancy when fetal development requires rapid cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Folic Acid (B9) is a stable vitamin that is not affected by heat.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following IS NOT a symptom of Folic Acid (B9) deficiency?

<p>Night blindness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Cobalamin (B12) in the body?

<p>Cobalamin (B12) is essential for the synthesis of DNA and RNA, the formation of myelin, and the proper functioning of the nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cobalamin (B12) can be obtained from both animal and plant sources.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a good source of Cobalamin (B12)?

<p>Eggs (A), Milk (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inositol, often referred to as "muscle sugar", is a vital nutrient for humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Choline in the body?

<p>Fat metabolism and transport (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between macronutrients and micronutrients?

<p>Macronutrients are needed in large quantities for energy production and growth, while micronutrients are essential for various bodily functions but only needed in small amounts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Trace minerals are only essential for specific bodily functions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major mineral in the human body?

<p>Iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Calcium in the human body?

<p>Calcium is essential for bone health, muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. It also plays a role in the regulation of heart function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin D deficiency can reduce calcium absorption in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can interfere with the absorption of calcium?

<p>Both A and B (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Magnesium in the body?

<p>Magnesium is involved in numerous metabolic processes, particularly in energy production, muscle function, nerve impulse conduction, and blood glucose regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency of magnesium can lead to hypomagnesemic tetany.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of magnesium?

<p>Corn oil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sodium deficiency is a common occurrence in healthy individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of Sodium?

<p>Fruits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypokalemia, a deficiency of potassium, can lead to muscle weakness and fatigue.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Phosphorus in the body?

<p>Phosphorus is crucial for bone and teeth formation, cell function, and pH regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive intake of phosphorus can harm the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of Phosphorus?

<p>Corn oil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Sulfur in the body?

<p>Sulfur is essential for maintaining protein structure, activating enzymes, and detoxifying harmful substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sulfur deficiency is a common health concern.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorine deficiency is a major health concern.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of Chlorine?

<p>Fruits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iron deficiency is a common health concern.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a good source of Iron?

<p>Corn oil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Iodine deficiency is a common occurrence in developed countries.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Manganese deficiency is a common occurrence in healthy individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Molybdenum in the body?

<p>Molybdenum is a crucial component of several enzymes involved in various metabolic processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molybdenum deficiency is a common occurrence in healthy individuals.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Vitamins

Unrelated organic compounds needed in small amounts for metabolic reactions, growth, and health maintenance.

Provitamins

Compounds that are converted into active vitamins.

Preformed Vitamins

Naturally occurring vitamins that are ready for use by the body.

Avitaminosis

A condition caused by a lack of vitamins which causes nutritional deficiency diseases.

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Hypervitaminosis

Vitamin toxicity resulting from excessive vitamin intake.

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Vitamin Malnutrition

Health problems caused by too much or too little of a vitamin.

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Vitamin-like Compounds

Substances with similar roles to vitamins, but taken in larger amounts and sometimes partly made by the body.

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Antivitamins

Substances that interfere with vitamin function.

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Fat-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, and K that dissolve in fat and can be stored in the body.

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Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamins B complex and C that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body.

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Vitamin A (Retinol)

Essential for vision, growth, and immune function, found in animal products and plant precursors.

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Vitamin D (Calciferol)

Helps regulate calcium absorption and bone health, produced by the body and found in some foods.

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Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

An antioxidant that protects cells from damage, aiding in immune function.

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Vitamin K

Essential for blood clotting and bone metabolism, found in leafy green vegetables and some meats.

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Vitamin C

An antioxidant and important in collagen formation, found in fresh fruits and vegetables.

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Minerals

Essential inorganic elements required in small or large amounts for various bodily functions.

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Macronutrients

Minerals required for the body in amounts of 100+ milligrams per day.

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Micronutrients

Minerals required in less than 100 milligrams per day.

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Calcium

Essential mineral for bone health and muscle function.

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Iron

Essential for oxygen transport in the blood, part of hemoglobin.

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Copper

Important for iron metabolism and various cellular processes.

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Iodine

Necessary for thyroid hormone production, crucial for metabolism.

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Manganese

Important component of many enzymes, involved in various metabolic processes.

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Study Notes

Micronutrients: Vitamins

  • Vitamins are organic compounds needed in small amounts for specific metabolic reactions, growth, repair, and healthy bodily functions.
  • They do not provide energy.
  • Deficiency can lead to fatigue and health deterioration.
  • The body cannot produce most vitamins; some are made in smaller quantities.

Types of Vitamins

  • Fat-soluble vitamins: Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
    • These are absorbed with fats and can be stored in the body.
    • Do not need daily intake.
    • Less likely to be destroyed during cooking.
  • Water-soluble vitamins: Vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins.
    • Absorbed directly into the blood and not stored in the body
    • Need daily intake.
    • Destroyed more easily by cooking

Terms Associated with Vitamins

  • Precursors (provitamins): Substances that can be converted into active vitamins (e.g., carotenoids converted to vitamin A)
  • Preformed Vitamins: Naturally occurring vitamins in their active form.
  • Avitaminosis: Lack of a vitamin, resulting in clinical deficiency symptoms.
  • Hypervitaminosis: Excessive accumulation of a vitamin in the body.
  • Vitamin malnutrition: Too much or too little vitamin consumption that is detrimental to health.
  • Vitamin-like compounds: Substances with vitamin-like functions but not strictly vitamins (e.g., inositol).
  • Antivitamins (Vitamin antagonists): Substances that interfere with the action of vitamins.

Vitamin A (Retinol)

  • Sources: Preformed A (animal sources) or Provitamin A (plants)
  • Functions: Essential for vision, epithelial tissue maintenance, growth, and bone development
  • Deficiency: Night blindness, skin lesions

Vitamin D (Calciferol)

  • Source: Produced by the body through exposure to sunlight and ingested through food
  • Functions: Needed for calcium absorption and bone health
  • Deficiency: Rickets (children), osteomalacia (adults)

Vitamin E (Tocopherol)

  • Functions: Antioxidant, important for cell membrane integrity, and reproduction.
  • Source: From various foods including vegetable oils, nuts.
  • Deficiency: Rarely occurs in humans
  • Toxicity: Not common

Vitamin K

  • Functions: Important in blood clotting, bone health, as a coenzyme.
  • Sources: From various foods such as leafy green vegetables and some meats.

B-complex vitamins (Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, etc.)

  • These vitamins function together in various metabolic roles
  • Sources include many foods

Other Essential Micronutrients

  • Minerals are inorganic elements essential for various bodily functions. Macronutrients vs. Micronutrients (trace elements)
  • Water is essential for all metabolic functions.
    • Transport of nutrients.
    • Regulation of temperature.

Toxicity

  • Examples of toxicity include excess vitamins or minerals damaging organs

Historical Background of Vitamins

  • Vitamins were discovered in the early 20th century.
  • They were initially called "accessory food factors" and recognized as necessary for optimal growth.

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